Proposal: On the 28th of November 2023, the European Commission published a Proposal for a Regulation on enhancing police cooperation in relation to the prevention, detection and investigation of migrant smuggling and trafficking in human beings, and on enhancing Europol’s support to preventing and combating such crimes and amending Regulation (EU) 2016/794 (press release).

Problem: Migrant smuggling has reached new heights, driven by increasing demand due to various global crises like economic recessions, environmental emergencies, conflicts, and demographic pressures in third countries. In 2022, around 331,000 irregular entries were detected at the EU's external borders, the highest level since 2016, which was a 66 per cent increase compared to the previous year. The activity of smuggling networks, mostly organized criminal groups, has also grown substantially, making profits ranging between EUR 4.7-6 billion annually. This criminal activity has resulted in significant loss of life, particularly at sea, emphasizing the urgency for a strong response to reduce irregular migration.

Objective: The Proposal aims to reinforce Europol’s role in combating migrant smuggling and trafficking in human beings. This involves particularly strengthening the European Centre Against Migrant Smuggling. Moreover, the Proposal seeks to enhance the prevention, detection, and investigation of migrant smuggling and human trafficking by strengthening inter-agency cooperation, information sharing and coordination on countering smuggling and trafficking.

Subject Matter: The Proposal introduces several key measures: (1) Strengthening inter-agency cooperation: To improve coordination and information exchange on countering migrant smuggling and human trafficking, the European Centre Against Migrant Smuggling at Europol will include Europol staff, seconded national experts, and liaison officers from member states’ Eurojust and the European Border and Coast Guard Agency. This setup aims to ensure regular information exchange and operational cooperation. (2) Enhancing strategic analysis and coordination: The Proposal addresses the need for improved strategic analysis and coordination at the EU level by defining specific tasks for the European Centre Against Migrant Smuggling. These tasks include monitoring trends in migrant smuggling, providing annual reports, strategic analyses, threat assessments, and updates on migratory routes, and investigative and operational actions. The Centre will convene meetings at least twice a year with representatives from each member state, Eurojust, the European Border and Coast Guard Agency, EMPACT, and the Commission to ensure effective coordination. (3) Improving information sharing: Member states are obligated to share information, including biometrics, on migrant smuggling and human trafficking with Europol. This includes establishing direct connections to Europol’s Secure Information Exchange Network Application (SIENA). (4) Reinforcing member states' resources: The Proposal suggests that member states designate specialised services to combat migrant smuggling and human trafficking, ensure adequate resourcing of these services, connect them to SIENA, and make the European Centre Against Migrant Smuggling act as a network of these specialised services. (5) Enhancing Europol’s operational support: The Proposal aims to codify and develop the concept of operational task forces and introduce Europol deployments for operational support. These tools will provide coordination, analytical, operational, technical, and forensic support upon request from member states or by the Europol Executive Director. A pool of experts will be created, available for deployment by Europol, and obligations for member states to effectively implement these tools will be set. Third countries may also participate in operational task forces, and Europol deployments can take place in third countries.

Proposal: On the 28th of November 2023, the European Commission published a Proposal for a Directive laying down minimum rules to prevent and counter the facilitation of unauthorised entry, transit and stay in the Union, and replacing Council Directive 2002/90/EC and Council Framework Decision 2022/946 (press release).

Problem: The exploitation of vulnerable individuals by criminal networks using various routes (land, sea, and air) to facilitate irregular migration has led to increased risks and profits. In recent years, there has been a marked increase in irregular entries at the EU's external borders, driven by global crises such as economic recessions, environmental emergencies, conflicts, and demographic pressures in third countries. The extensive involvement of smuggling networks in these activities, often organised in criminal groups, highlights the urgent need for an effective response, particularly given the substantial profits generated by these networks and the high human cost since 2014.

Objective: The main objective is to modernise the EU criminal law framework, which was initially adopted in 2002, to clearly define and effectively sanction the facilitation of unauthorised entry, transit, and stay in the EU. Moreover, the Directive seeks to ensure effective investigation, prosecution, and sanctioning of organised criminal networks responsible for migrant smuggling. In addition, it aims to create clarity and legal certainty by distinguishing between the criminalisation of facilitation of irregular migration and humanitarian assistance.

Subject Matter: The Directive includes a precise and detailed definition of the criminal offences to counter activities that endanger human life and disrespect human dignity for financial gain. Specifically, assistance of unauthorised entry, transit, or stay in the Union constitutes a criminal offence when linked to financial or material benefit, or when highly likely to cause serious harm to third-country nationals or any other person, even without financial or material benefit. The levels of penalties should reflect the higher social concern regarding more serious and harmful conducts, thus demanding more severe criminal penalties for aggravated offences. This includes offences committed within the framework of a criminal organisation, causing serious harm or endangering life, use of serious violence, victimising vulnerable individuals like unaccompanied minors, or causing death. Furthermore, the Directive calls for penalties to be effective, dissuasive, and proportionatewith a maximum term of imprisonment of at least three years for regular offences, ten years for aggravated offences, and fifteen years for offences causing death. Minimum levels for the maximum term of imprisonment are set for natural persons, and there are provisions for accessory measures in criminal proceedings. The Directive also addresses the liability of legal persons, ensuring that they can be held accountable for criminal offences committed for their benefit by individuals in leading positions or due to lack of supervision or control. Other significant provisions include establishing aggravating and mitigating circumstances in relation to the criminal offences, setting limitation periods for these offences, and defining jurisdiction rules to effectively counter cross-border criminal activities, including crimes committed outside a member state’s territory. The Directive also stresses the importance of preventive measures, such as public awareness campaigns, research, and education programmes, to reduce the commission of these offences. In terms of resources and enforcement, the Directive mandates that member states ensure national authorities have sufficient staff, financial, technical, and technological resources, and specialised training for effective implementation. It also highlights the need for effective and proportionate investigative tools, aligned with the principle of proportionality and respect for fundamental rights, to prosecute these criminal offences. Lastly, the Directive emphasises data collection and statistics, requiring member states to collect, publish, and transmit relevant statistical data to the Commission for assessing and developing evidence-based policies at the EU level.

Non-legislative Act: On the 27th of March 2024, the European Commission published a Communication on a Blueprint for a European Degree (press release).

Problem: The essential problem prompting the Communication on a Blueprint for a European Degree arises from the need to bolster the competitiveness and attractiveness of the European Union's higher education sector. Significant legal and administrative obstacles impede the delivery of joint degrees across EU member states, thereby restraining the evolution of Europe’s higher education landscape. Moreover, the emergence of global challenges and the imperative to fortify Europe’s open strategic autonomy underscore the necessity of transnational education not merely as a preference but as an essential strategy. Furthermore, the EU faces intense competition in attracting global talent, dependent partly on the degrees its higher education institutions can offer.

Objective: The Communication strives to facilitate seamless cooperation among universities from different countries, leading to the innovation of joint programmes and the eventual establishment of a European Degree. This degree aims to ease the process for universities to collaborate and develop joint programmes, respecting institutional autonomy and the competences of member state or regional governments. Additionally, the European Degree is envisioned to foster a common European identity and a stronger sense of belonging among students, underpinned by commonly agreed European criteria reflecting the learning experience's relevance, commitment to common values, and the excellence of cooperation arrangements between universities. Moreover, it aspires to enhance Europe’s readiness to support and develop a highly-skilled, adaptable, and globally competitive workforce, making graduates more attractive to employers by equipping them with future-proof competences and skills.

Subject Matter: This initiative is a response to the increasing necessity for transnational education, driven by the global challenges and the need for the EU to strengthen its open strategic autonomy. It addresses significant legal and administrative obstacles that currently make delivering joint degrees across the EU challenging. By proposing a European Degree, the Communication aims to ease these challenges, allowing universities to collaborate more seamlessly and develop innovative joint programmes, thereby making graduates more attractive to future employers by equipping them with future-proof competences and skills. The European Degree is intended to be enshrined in national legislation, ensuring that it is recognised and respected alongside other national degrees. It will be awarded on the basis of commonly agreed European criteria, reflecting the learning experience's relevance, the commitment to common values, and the excellence of cooperation arrangements between universities. This approach aims to promote academic values and excellence, democratic practices, fundamental rights, and foster equality, diversity, and inclusion. Moreover, the European Degree is envisaged to contribute to building a common European identity and a stronger sense of belonging among students. It will be delivered preferably in a digital format and aims for automatic recognition across the EU, thus simplifying the process for both students and universities and enhancing mobility and cooperation. The Communication also outlines the importance of addressing disparities that currently limit universities' ability to cooperate within Europe. It proposes a gradual approach to its implementation, allowing member states to advance at their own pace while supporting a common goal. The initiative will facilitate the creation of more joint programmes that reflect the demands of a knowledge-based economy, thereby increasing the employability of graduates and positioning them as sought-after professionals in both the European and global job market.

Proposal: On the 27th of March 2024, the European Commission published a Proposal for a Recommendation on attractive and sustainable careers in higher education (press release).

Problem: Academic staff face a myriad of tasks beyond traditional teaching and research, including transnational cooperation and community engagement, which are crucial for societal progress yet often undervalued in career progression. The academic sector's appeal is further diminished by precarious employment conditions, notably for early-career staff, coupled with a lack of recognition and rewards for engaging in innovative teaching and transnational activities. These factors collectively hinder the sector's capacity to attract and retain talent, crucial for driving forward Europe's knowledge economy and democratic values.

Objective: It seeks to acknowledge and value the diverse roles of academic staff by promoting fair and equitable career assessment and progression mechanisms that equally recognise teaching, research, and other societal contributions. The Proposal also focuses on improving working conditions, enhancing staff mobility, and ensuring academic freedom, thereby fostering a dynamic and competitive higher education sector. Through these measures, the initiative strives to equip Europe with the skilled workforce necessary for addressing future challenges and advancing the European Education Area.

Subject Matter: Central to the Proposal is the encouragement of deeper transnational cooperation by acknowledging and valuing the efforts of staff involved in such activities. This includes the development of joint degree programmes or educational and training offers leading to micro-credentials. The Recommendation suggests integrating objectives related to transnational educational cooperation into career pathways and staffing policy at both national and institutional levels. It also advocates for considering the work related to transnational cooperation in the total working hours of academic staff, thereby addressing the issue of additional workload not being recognised or rewarded adequately. Moreover, the Proposal calls for a dialogue with the higher education sector to ensure human resources policies recognise and reward the diverse roles of academic staff. This involves promoting approaches that value diverse academic career paths, encouraging institutional leadership to focus on teaching as much as on research, and supporting continuous professional development for academic staff. This includes providing appropriate training and support to academic staff conducting teaching activities, endorsing research on teaching, and creating innovative teaching and learning centres across higher education institutions. Another significant aspect of the Recommendation is the promotion of competitive, accessible, fair, and non-discriminatory working conditions in academia. This encompasses improving recruitment practices, providing commensurate remuneration free from gender pay gaps, ensuring access to adequate social protection, and protecting academic freedom. The Recommendation emphasises the necessity of promoting gender equality, diversity, and inclusivity plans at higher education institutions to address the underrepresentation of certain groups among students, academic staff, and researchers. Furthermore, the Proposal aims to enhance evidence-based policymaking in higher education by improving the collection and integration of data on academic careers. This would enable monitoring of institutional transformation in the EU’s higher education sector and inform more effective policymaking.

Non-legislative Act: On the 22nd of May 2024, the European Commission adopted a Communication on the European Health Union: acting together for people’s health (press release).

Problem: The advent of the COVID-19 pandemic has exposed significant vulnerabilities within European health systems, demonstrating a lack of preparedness for such large-scale health crises. Furthermore, the rapid and devastating impact of the pandemic underscored the need for enhanced collaborative efforts and structural solutions to manage public health emergencies effectively. Moreover, the crisis highlighted the strategic dependencies and gaps in medical supply chains, emphasising the necessity for improved resilience and self-sufficiency in critical healthcare sectors across Europe. Correspondingly, these challenges have precipitated a concerted response to bolster health security and ensure robust crisis management mechanisms are in place.

Objective: The primary objective of the European Health Union is to fortify health security and enhance the quality and sustainability of healthcare across the member states. Through the introduction of a new health crisis framework and the establishment of the Health Emergency Preparedness and Response Authority (HERA), the initiative aims to ensure rapid and coordinated response capabilities for emerging health threats. Furthermore, the Union seeks to promote equity in access to healthcare as a fundamental right, ensuring that all Europeans can avail of timely and effective medical interventions. Moreover, the initiative is designed to foster greater EU leadership in global health, recognising the interdependence of health security, economic stability, and geopolitical strength.

Subject Matter: One of the core components of this new health strategy is the establishment of a robust framework for handling health crises, underpinned by the creation of the Health Emergency Preparedness and Response Authority (HERA). HERA is tasked with ensuring that the EU and its member states are better equipped to anticipate, prepare for, and respond swiftly to health emergencies. This includes the development and equitable distribution of medical countermeasures such as vaccines and therapeutics. Furthermore, HERA will operate in dual modes, focusing on preparedness during non-crisis periods and shifting to a responsive stance during emergencies, thereby ensuring flexibility and adaptability in its operations. Additionally, the EU has committed to securing the health supply chain and ensuring the availability of affordable and innovative medical treatments through the establishment of new rules and a stronger mandate for the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). These agencies play a pivotal role in coordinating EU-wide responses to health emergencies, providing scientific advice, and reviewing available scientific evidence on medicines and medical devices. Moreover, the regulations now in place have enhanced the EU's capacity to monitor health threats effectively and respond to them with agility and coordination. In the realm of public health, significant investment has been made in strengthening health systems' infrastructure, with emphasis on digital health solutions. The EU4Health programme, the most ambitious health funding programme in EU history, supports initiatives aimed at enhancing healthcare access and integrating national health systems more effectively. This includes funding for digital health applications and platforms that streamline patient data management and facilitate cross-border health data exchange. Furthermore, the document stresses the importance of international cooperation and solidarity in health matters, recognising that health security is a global issue that transcends national borders. The EU's strategy extends beyond its own territories, aiming to establish stronger partnerships and cooperation frameworks with non-EU countries, particularly in the context of global health crises. In addition to these structural and strategic enhancements, the document underscores the commitment to tackling broader health challenges such as antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and non-communicable diseases. Through targeted research funding and collaborative projects, the EU aims to develop new treatments and preventive measures that address these persistent threats.

Non-legislative Act: On the 7th of June 2023, the European Commission published a Communication on a comprehensive approach to mental health (press release).

Problem: Mental health is a result of the interweaving of the personal with the external, meaning that our community, our economy, our environment and global affairs all influence the way we think and feel. Events of recent history (the COVID-19 pandemic, war, inflation, the triple planetary crisis), have been detrimental to psychological health. Suicide now claims second place as the leading cause of death among the youth. Urgent action is needed to improve the situation.

Objective: In accordance with the European Pillar of Social rights, affordable, preventive and curative mental health should be made a public policy goal. A comprehensive approach to mental health includes biological and psychological effects and their connection to family, security, work, school, digital spaces etc. The objective of this communication is to improve mental health and remove obstacles to good psychological wellbeing at all capacities of living.

Subject Matter: Working together with the WHO, a budged of 11 million has been allocated to the promotion of mental health across all policies within the EU4Health programme. To address suicide rates and depression within the EU, a budget of 6 million has been assigned to developing preventive policies. This Communication urges member states to use digital tools to their advantage, to facilitate access to information, treatment, support, and care. The Commission largely targets two groups: children and youth, as well as migrants. The importance of mental health for children has been framed, amongst other things, in relation to social media and online platforms. To improve mental strength globally, these platforms should make greater efforts in creating a healthy virtual environment and assessing their influence over impressionable groups. Furthermore, bullying and other detriments will be studied to develop a prevention toolkit to counter children’s poor psychological health. For migrants, especially Ukrainian refugees, the focus is on developing coping strategies and resources to help with the aftermath of displacement. Additionally, the protection of victims of crime and discrimination, be it a cause of gender or sexuality, is to be stressed in policy implementation. Special attention shall be allocated to the inclusion of at-risk-groups in the program operative including senior citizens, inhabitants of rural areas, the unhoused, people of the Roma community, people with chronic illnesses (especially cancer), people with disabilities and people post-partum. As discussed in the Communication, a big part of overcoming social challenges that lead to poor mental health is overcoming stigma. Furthermore, the Commission has selected mental health at work as a point of concern. Projects identified in promoting mental health (including research and awareness campaigns, capacity building, and direct support from qualified bodies) are to be funded with 1.23 billion of EU support. Moreover, monitoring and evaluation systems for supervision and impact assessment are to be set up. Maintaining that mental wellbeing is an integral part of general health, the Commission urges member states to cooperate in a precautionary approach to aid those suffering from challenges to their psychological welfare in the EU and beyond. With democratic and European values at the forefront, this Communication strengthens the foundations of the European Health Union in prioritizing help and social reintegration.

Non-legislative Act: On the 15th of November 2023, the European Commission published a Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions on Skills and Talent Mobility (press release).

Problem: Employers are increasingly facing challenges in finding suitable workers, exacerbating the competitive and innovative capacity of the EU economy. This issue is further intensified by Europe's ageing demographic, highlighting the urgent need for effective measures to bolster the workforce and address skills gaps in critical areas such as healthcare, Information and Communications Technology, and sectors pivotal to the green and digital transitions.

Objective: The general aim of the Communication is to make the European Union more attractive to global talent and to simplify international recruitment pocesses. It seeks to address the aforementioned labour and skills shortages by facilitating the mobility of talent, especially from non-EU countries, and improving the recognition and validation of professional qualifications gained in third countries. Furthermore, it aims to enhance intra-EU mobility and foster cooperation with partner countries for mutual benefit, thereby contributing to the overall competitiveness and innovation capacity of the EU.

Subject Matter: The Communication addresses labour and skills shortages in the EU by advancing strategies to attract global talent and facilitate workforce mobility. Key to this strategy is the creation of the EU Talent Pool, a centralised platform that simplifies the recruitment process, making it easier for EU employers to connect with skilled workers from non-EU countries. This platform focuses on occupations that are critical to Europe's green and digital transitions. Another major aspect is the simplification of the process for recognising professional qualifications from third countries. The Commission encourages member states to streamline these procedures, reducing administrative burdens and enabling faster employment and education access for third-country nationals. Additionally, the Communication emphasises the importance of Talent Partnerships with third countries. These bilateral agreements focus on skill development, qualification recognition, and legal migration, aiming to provide mutual benefits and prevent brain drain while promoting skill and knowledge transfer. The document also proposes enhancing learning mobility within the EU and with third countries. This initiative aims to attract talented students and professionals to the EU for education and skill development, thereby increasing the EU's attractiveness as a hub for education and employment. Furthermore, the Communication underscores the necessity for strategic use of skills intelligence. This involves developing advanced methods to monitor and respond to labour market needs and skill shortages. It includes the proposition for member states to improve transparency in qualification recognition, potentially through the development of interoperable databases and an EU-level tool for comparability statements for third-country qualifications.

Non-legislative Act: On the 15th of November 2023, the European Commission published a Commission Recommendation on the recognition of qualifications of third-country nationals (press release).

Problem: The labour force shortage limits the EU's ability to adapt to changes in work production, communication across economies, and labour markets. Employers across the EU consistently face difficulties in finding workers with the required skills. The shortage spans all industrial ecosystems in many member states, with rising vacancies in high, medium, and low-skilled jobs. These shortages pose a significant challenge to the EU's aspirations to remain a global leader and to meet ambitious climate and energy targets.

Objective: The Recommendation seeks to facilitate the integration of third-country nationals into the EU labour market in response to the Union's economic and societal needs. The document outlines a comprehensive approach, recommending member states to simplify and expedite recognition procedures and adopt a 'whole-of-government' approach. The overall goal is to streamline the process for third-country nationals to contribute effectively to the EU labour market, thereby addressing the skill gaps and fostering sustainable economic growth.

Subject Matter: The document emphasizes the need for member states to streamline and expedite the recognition processes for third-country nationals. The ‘whole-of-government’ approach, integrating various sectors such as education, employment, and migration to create a cohesive system. This includes upskilling and reskilling, improving labour market activation, promoting internal mobility within the Union, and making the EU more attractive to skilled third-country nationals. The document advocates for reducing administrative barriers and adopting a 'skills first' approach, which prioritises the full range of an individual's skills and experiences, rather than focusing solely on formal qualifications. An important aspect of the recommendations is the establishment of bilateral Talent Partnerships with third countries. These partnerships aim to create mutual benefits, focusing on skill development, qualification recognition, and facilitating legal migration pathways. The document also highlights the role of learning mobility, with an emphasis on attracting talented third-country students and professionals to the EU for skills development. This includes fostering learning opportunities within the EU and encouraging cooperation with third countries. The goal is to enhance the EU's overall attractiveness as a destination for education and employment. To support the integration of third-country nationals, the recommendations call for improved transparency in the recognition processes for qualifications obtained in third countries. This includes encouraging member states to develop interoperable databases on recognition processes and exploring the feasibility of an EU-level tool for generating statements of comparability for specific third-country qualifications.

Proposal: On the 18th of October 2023, the European Commission published a Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Regulation (EU) 2018/1806 as regards the revision of the suspension mechanism (press release).

Problem: While in general Visa-free travel is beneficial for the EU and its partners around the globe, bringing advantages for citizens and strengthening relations with partners, promoting exchanges, Visa-free travel can also be the source of significant migration and security challenges. Through overstays by visa-free travellers or through asylum applications lodged in by nationals from visa-free third countries with low recognition rates, visa-free travel can result in increased irregular migration. Insufficient visa alignment can even lead to visa-free countries turning into a transit hub for irregular entry to the EU.

Objective: Regulation (EU) 2018/1806 provides the possibility of suspending the exemption from visa requirements temporarily. With increasing challenges resulting from irregular migration, and threats to the security of the EU, the suspension mechanism established in Regulation (EU) 2018/1806 as a safeguard against the abuse of visa-free travel needs to be improved. So far, the suspension mechanism was triggered twice.

Subject Matter: Currently, the suspension mechanism can be triggered in the event of: A substantial increase in the number of nationals of the third country concerned refused entry or found to be staying in the EU’s territory without the right to do so, or a substantial increase of asylum applications of thirds countries for which the recognition rate is low. Further, a decrease of cooperation on readmission, an increased risk or threat to the internal security of member states (in particular a substantial increase in criminal offences) can lead to a suspension. If the visa exemption was obtained because of visa liberalisation dialogue, the non-compliance with specific requirements can trigger the mechanism. The suspension procedure consists of an initial duration of nine months decided by a Commission implementing act. Should the circumstances persist, the suspension is prolonged by an additional 18 months. Where no solution is found, the Commission can propose the permanent termination of the visa exemption by ordinary legislative procedure. The Commission has to inform the European Parliament and the Council immediately of such notification. With the new Proposal, especially Article 8 will be adapted and extended. The suspension mechanism may be triggered by a notification of any member state to the Commission or on the basis of the Commission’s own analysis. Reference periods have to cover at least two months, allowing considering longer periods of persistent problems. Grounds for suspension now further include the operation of an investor citizenship scheme, the non-alignment of the visa policy of a third country where there is a risk of substantial increase in the number of third-country nationals (particularly because of geographic proximity). The significant threat of internal security now specifically addresses hybrid threats. The duration of temporary suspension is increased to 12 months and the second phase is raised from 18 to 24 months. In either phase, the suspension may be lifted as soon as the circumstances that led to the suspension are remedied. With Article 8e an urgency procedure is introduced, allowing the Commission to suspend a visa exemption through an immediately applicable implementing act. This procedure will be used in particular to prevent a mass influx of third-country nationals arriving irregularly from a third country that is visa-free or to prevent a serious damage to the public policy or international security.

Non-legislative Act: On the 18th of October, the European Commission published an EU Action Plan for the Eastern Mediterranean and the Atlantic route (press release).

Problem: Irregular arrivals via the Eastern Mediterranean route increase steadily, with a rise of 113 per cent in 2022 compared to 2021. Member states are exposed to increased migratory pressure and smugglers further exploit certain routes. Until now, the EU-Turkey Statement was the only framework for cooperation along the route.

Objective: The Action Plan seeks to complement actions under way through other EU Action Plans addressing the Western Balkans, the Central Mediterranean route and the Western Mediterranean and Atlantic routes. With this Action Plan consistency in the overall whole-of-route approach is ensured. The EU-Turkey Statement of 2016 will remain the main framework for cooperation along the Eastern Mediterranean route.

Subject Matter: This Action Plan seeks to (1) Prevent irregular departures, combatting migrant smuggling and trafficking in human beings, (2) Strengthen border management, (3) Enhance return and readmission cooperation, and (4) Ensure efficient migration management, improve asylum procedures and support sufficient reception capacity. Cooperation with Türkiye is inevitable to achieve the goals laid out. (1) In order to combat irregular departures, root causes will be addressed by strengthening comprehensive engagement with relevant countries of origin and transit in both Asia and Africa. Vocational training, skills development and more measures are offered to support displaced and vulnerable populations. Programmes like the Global Action addressing Trafficking in Persons and the Smuggling of Migrants and the PROTECT programme are supported in their implementation, all while Partnership projects with countries of Asia and Africa are rolled out. Possibilities to post liaison officers at key airports are explored to strengthen operational cooperation. Cooperation with Türkiye and the International Migration Cooperation Centre in Istanbul continues while cooperation between EUROPOL, Frontex and EUROJUST are enhanced. Additionally, efforts to offer safe and legal avenues to protection with sustained resettlement efforts and the creation of legal migration including mobility operations continue. (2) The strategic policy for European Integrated Border Management lays out priorities and guidelines to address challenges at the EU’s external borders. In this context border management capacities at the border to Türkiye will be supported, for example, through 220 million euro to increase the Surveillance Capacity at the border with Iran. Regional cooperation is fostered while border management and control is reinforced and improved by ensuring efficient border procedures with adequate infrastructure and equipment, including trained staff. (3) Frontex and the commission strengthen national operational and infrastructural capacities, providing expertise and support to Cyprus, Greece and Bulgaria. Diplomatic outreach toward third countries of origin and transit are coordinated with concrete steps to improve readmission under the framework of Article 25a of the Visa Code. (4) To enhance asylum and reception capacities and procedures, an efficient, effective and future-proof migration management system at national level needs to be established to provide a coordinated response to migration challenges. Member states will be supported to be able to provide adequate reception capacities for children and adults, responding to the needs of vulnerable persons. Furthermore, member states will be supported to improve their national asylum and reception systems through technical and operational assistance by the EUAA, all while ensuring sufficient national resources are devoted to migration management. To enhance flexibility and streamlining processes in relocation transfers, the implementation of the Voluntary Solidarity Mechanism (VSM) is accelerated.

Proposal: On the 6th of February 2024, the European Commission published a Proposal for a Directive on combating the sexual abuse and sexual exploitation of children and child sexual abuse material and replacing Council Framework Decision 2004/68/JHA (recast) (press release).

Problem: The rise of child sexual abuse and exploitation, particularly online, has significantly challenged the EU's current legal frameworks. Technological advancements have not only increased children's online presence but have also provided perpetrators with sophisticated means to conceal their identities and illegal activities. This development has led to an exponential growth in the online sharing of child sexual abuse material and has created new forms of abuse that current legislation struggles to address effectively. Moreover, discrepancies in member states' legal frameworks regarding investigation, prosecution, and victim support have hindered a unified, effective response across the EU.

Objective: The recast Directive aims to comprehensively update and strengthen the EU's approach to combating child sexual abuse and exploitation. By recognising the evolving technological landscape, it seeks to ensure that all forms of child sexual abuse and exploitation, including those facilitated by new technologies, are adequately criminalised. The Directive intends to harmonise national rules on investigation and prosecution, taking into account recent technological developments, thereby enhancing the effectiveness of the fight against these crimes.

Subject Matter: One of the cornerstone aspects of the recast Directive is the expansion and clarification of the definitions related to offences, ensuring they encompass the broad spectrum of abuse facilitated by modern technology. This includes updating the definition of child sexual abuse material to cover not only traditional forms of content, but also materials created or disseminated through the use of advanced technologies, such as deepfakes and virtual reality. Furthermore, the Directive recognises the necessity of criminalising the solicitation of children for sexual purposes in an online environment, acknowledging the shift towards digital platforms for the initiation of such exploitative interactions. Moreover, the Directive introduces specific provisions to enhance the investigation and prosecution of offences, recognising the unique challenges posed by the digital sphere. It mandates member states to ensure that their investigative bodies are equipped with the necessary tools and expertise to tackle crimes facilitated by the internet, including the capability to conduct undercover operations online. Additionally, the Directive calls for improved cooperation and coordination at both the national and EU levels to ensure a more effective response to cross-border cases of child sexual abuse and exploitation. The protection and support of victims are central to the proposed changes, with the Directive advocating for measures that minimise secondary victimisation and provide comprehensive assistance. This includes ensuring that medical examinations of child victims are conducted with sensitivity and by trained professionals, as well as strengthening the right to compensation for victims, taking into account the impact of online dissemination of abuse materials. Preventative measures also form a crucial part of the proposed changes, with the Directive emphasising the importance of education and awareness-raising initiatives aimed at both children and adults. It advocates for the development of programmes that address the root causes of abuse and exploitation, promoting safe online practices and empowering children to protect themselves.

Non-legislative Act: On the 18th of April 2023, the European Commission published a Communication on Closing the cybersecurity talent gap to boost the EU’s competitiveness, growth and resilience ('The Cybersecurity Skills Academy') (press release).

Problem: There are significant cybersecurity skills shortage and gaps within the European Union. Cybersecurity is integral to the security of citizens, businesses, and member states, as well as the EU's political stability, democratic stability, and societal and economic prosperity. The cybersecurity threat landscape has evolved dramatically, with an increase in cyberattacks targeting military and civilian critical infrastructure. The EU faces threats from advanced technologies such as AI and bots, with ransomware attacks causing substantial financial and reputational damage. These incidents have targeted public administration, governments, and European institutions, with sectors like finance and health being consistently attacked.

Objective: In response to these challenges the Commission is introducing the Cybersecurity Skills Academy. This initiative aims to create a single point of entry and synergies for cybersecurity education, training offers, and funding opportunities. It is designed to support the development of cybersecurity skills, scaling up stakeholder initiatives to impact the labour market, including in the defence sector. The Academy will focus on training cybersecurity professionals and will align its activities with common goals and key performance indicators for greater impact.

Subject Matter: The Academy's implementation will be based on four pillars: fostering knowledge generation through education and training, ensuring better channelling and visibility of available funding opportunities, calling stakeholders to action, and defining indicators to monitor the market's evolution and assess the effectiveness of actions. The Academy is expected to address the visibility and synergies of training and certification, benefiting various sectors that require similar expertise. The Proposal also emphasises the need for cooperation between academia, training providers, and industry to design and deliver cybersecurity training addressing in-demand skills. It aims to attract younger generations to cybersecurity careers and integrate cybersecurity into education and training programmes. Support for the development of micro-credentials, vocational education, and training programmes will be continued, with a focus on fostering greater cooperation across Europe. To facilitate national-level cooperation and foster synergies between the public and private sectors, member states are encouraged to explore setting up Cyber Campuses. These campuses will serve as poles of excellence at the national level for the cybersecurity community, with the Academy aiding in their networking and coordination. The Academy's governance structure will likely take the form of a European digital infrastructure consortium, allowing member states to work jointly on closing the cybersecurity skills gap and closely cooperate with the Commission, ENISA, and the European Cybersecurity Competence Centre.

Proposal: On the 15th of November 2023, the European Commission published a Proposal for a Council Recommendation ‘Europe on the Move’ – learning mobility opportunities for everyone (press release)

Problem: The central problem addressed by the proposal is the need to enhance access to quality education and facilitate the movement of learners between different countries' education systems. The proposal acknowledges that organising learning mobility is a key driver for improving the quality of education and training offered by institutions. This need arises from the recognition that learning mobility significantly benefits personal, educational, and professional development, as well as civic engagement and social inclusion.

Objective: This initiative aims to break down barriers to learning and transition the culture of education towards lifelong learning that enriches individuals and societies. This is underpinned by the recognition that learning mobility is a pivotal element in personal, educational, and professional development. The proposal intends to create more inclusive and accessible learning mobility opportunities for people of all ages and backgrounds. This includes expanding the scope of mobility beyond intra-EU to international levels, thus enhancing the EU's position as an attractive destination for global talent in education and training.

Subject Matter: A central aspect of the proposal is the expansion of learning mobility opportunities to include a wider array of participants. This expansion encompasses not only young people but also learners of all ages, educators, and staff, embracing a more inclusive approach. It acknowledges that certain groups, particularly those with fewer opportunities due to economic, social, cultural, geographical, or health-related reasons, face significant barriers in accessing these opportunities. The proposal sets ambitious targets to ensure that these groups are not left behind. The proposal sets specific targets to be achieved by 2030: at least 25 per cent of higher education graduates should have a learning mobility experience; at least 15 per cent of vocational education and training learners should benefit from learning mobility abroad; and at least 20 per cent of all learners benefiting from learning mobility abroad should be people with fewer opportunities. The proposal also focuses on enhancing the recognition of qualifications and learning outcomes obtained through mobility experiences. This is crucial for facilitating the integration of learners into the EU labour market and for ensuring that the skills and competencies acquired through mobility are valued and utilised effectively. Furthermore, the document proposes to strengthen cooperation with key third countries, promoting the EU as an attractive destination for talent and enhancing the recognition of third-country qualifications.

Proposal: On the 31st of January 2024, the European Commission published a Proposal for a Council Recommendation on vaccine-preventable cancers (press release).

Problem: There is an increasing burden of cancer cases and deaths across the EU, particularly those caused by Human papillomaviruses (HPV) and Hepatitis B virus (HBV). These infections, leading to cancers such as cervical, liver, and other types, represent a significant public health challenge. Moreover, the COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated issues by disrupting routine vaccination programs and spreading misinformation, further impacting vaccine uptake and confidence.

Objective: By enhancing and expanding routine vaccination against HPV and HBV to prevent associated cancers the EU strives to support its member states. The Recommendation would improve vaccination coverage rates, address public health challenges, and align with the United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals. Furthermore, it aims to bolster the resilience of health systems by promoting vaccination as a key preventive measure against vaccine-preventable cancers, thereby improving public health outcomes.

Subject Matter: The Recommendation underscores the importance of public health education campaigns aimed at dispelling myths and increasing awareness about the benefits of vaccination, which is critical in overcoming vaccine hesitancy. A key component of the proposed strategy involves integrating vaccination efforts into broader national cancer prevention and health strategies, ensuring that vaccination programs are accessible and tailored to meet the needs of diverse populations. This includes targeting at-risk groups and ensuring that vaccinations are affordable and readily available to all segments of the population. Furthermore, the Recommendation suggests establishing robust monitoring and evaluation frameworks to track vaccination rates, identify barriers to vaccine uptake, and assess the impact of vaccination programs on reducing the incidence of HPV and HBV related cancers. This data-driven approach will enable continuous improvement of strategies and interventions over time. International cooperation is also emphasized as crucial for tackling global health challenges associated with vaccine-preventable diseases. The Recommendation advocates for the EU to play a leading role in global health initiatives, promoting vaccination, and sharing knowledge and resources with countries outside the EU to help reduce the global burden of HPV and HBV related cancers. In summary, the Recommendation proposes a multifaceted strategy aimed at enhancing vaccination coverage across the EU through improved coordination, public education, integration into national health strategies, robust monitoring, and international cooperation.

Legislative procedure completed: On June 13th 2022, the European Parliament and the Council agreed on the extension of the EU Digital Covid Certificate by one year. Thus, the respective Regulation is to be extended by one year until 30 June 2023 (press release). 
Travel across the EU will remain accessible to persons in possession of the EU Digital Covid Certificate for another year, thus until June 30th 2023. Depending on further evolution of the epidemiological situation, by 31 December 2022, the Commission will publish a report on the EU Digital COVID Certificate, which may be accompanied by a proposal to shorten the period of application of the Regulation.

Proposal: On the 3rd of February 2022 the European Commission published a Proposal for a Regulation amending Regulation (EU) 2021/953 on a framework for the issuance, verification and acceptance of interoperable COVID-19 vaccination, test and recovery certificates (EU Digital COVID Certificate) to facilitate free movement during the COVID-19 pandemic (press release).

Problem: The infamous COVID-19 pandemic did not only pose a threat to health systems across the European Union, but further lead to public health measures taken by member states seeking to protect individuals’ health as well as the capacity of their healthcare systems. In order to deter the reintroduction of border controls between member states as well as facilitate safe free movement during the COVID-19 pandemic, the EU Digital COVID Certificate framework has been established for the issuance, verification and acceptance of interoperable COVID-19 vaccination, test and recovery certificates. In the light of current developments related to new SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern, the Commission proposes extending the validity of the EU Digital Covid Certificate by another 12 months, acknowledging that it shall be lifted as soon as the epidemiological situation allows.

Objective: Primarily the proposal aims to adapt to current conditions in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic, extending by 12 months the application of Regulation (EU) 2021/953, which lays down a framework for the issuance, verification and acceptance of interoperable COVID-19 vaccination, test and recovery certificates (EU Digital COVID Certificate) for the purpose of facilitating the holders’ exercise of their right to free movement during the COVID-19 pandemic. Continuing the operations and maintenance of the Regulation already adopted by the Council and the European Parliament in June 2021 is to allow member states to waive certain restrictions on free movement for persons in the possession of proof of vaccination, test or recovery.

Subject Matter: The definition of SARS-CoV-2 tests shall be broadened to include antigenic assays performed in a laboratory setting and not only rapid antigen tests that give results in less than 30 minutes. An explicit clarification that vaccination certificates is to contain the number of doses administered to the holder, regardless of the member state in which they have been administered, shall contribute to the accurate reflection of the overall number of doses administered. It will further be ensured that EU Digital COVID Certificates can be issued to persons participating in clinical trials for COVID-19 vaccines, and that such certificates may be accepted by other member states in order to waive restrictions to free movement. The Health Security Committee, ECDC or EMA may be asked by the Commission to issue guidance on the acceptance of COVID-19 vaccines undergoing clinical trials.

Proposal: On the 3rd of February 2022 the European Commission published a Proposal for a Regulation amending Regulation (EU) 2021/954 on a framework for the issuance, verification and acceptance of interoperable COVID-19 vaccination, test and recovery certificates (EU Digital COVID Certificate) regarding third-country nationals legally staying or residing in the territories of Member States during the COVID-19 pandemic amending Regulation (EU) 2021/954 on a framework for the issuance, verification and acceptance of interoperable COVID-19 vaccination, test and recovery certificates (EU Digital COVID Certificate) with regard to third-country nationals legally staying or residing in the territories of Member States during the COVID-19 pandemic (Press release) .

Problem: Third-country nationals legally residing or legally staying in an EU member state may travel freely within the territories of the other member states, provided that they fulfil certain conditions. Some of the restrictions adopted by the member states as a measure to limit the spread of COVID-19 have had an impact on the exercise of that right. In order to facilitate free movement for third country nationals with interoperable and mutually accepted certificates on COVID-19 vaccination, testing and recovery during the pandemic, the EU Digital COVID Certificate framework has been extended to third country who are entitled to travel to other member states in accordance with EU law. Considering the emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern, it is necessary to ensure that the EU Digital COVID Certificates are applicable beyond the already defined date of 30 June 2022.

Objective: Offering additional open-source reference solutions that allow for the conversion of third-country certificates into a format that is interoperable with the EU Digital COVID Certificate, as it is also possible to connect third countries the certificates of which are made interoperable by means of conversion shall facilitate free movement for third country nationals during the pandemic. Similar to the Proposal to amend the EU Digital COVID Certificate for EU citizens, the following aims to adapt to current conditions in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic, extending the application of Regulation (EU) 2021/953, which lays down a framework for the issuance, verification and acceptance of interoperable COVID-19 vaccination, test and recovery certificates (EU Digital COVID Certificate) for the purpose of facilitating the holders’ exercise of their right to free movement during the COVID-19 pandemic. Continuing the operations and maintenance of the Regulation already adopted by the Council and the European Parliament in June 2021 is to allow member states to waive certain restrictions on free movement for persons in the possession of proof of vaccination, test or recovery.

Subject Matter: The regulations around the recognition of SARS-CoV-2 tests and the validity of COVID digital certificates are equivalent to the subject matter of the proposed regulation on a framework for the issuance, verification and recognition of interoperable certificates attesting to COVID-19 vaccination and testing and recovery from COVID-19 infection.

Non-legislative Act: On the 7th of September 2022, the European Commission published a Communication on the European care strategy (press corner).

Problem: The COVID-19 pandemic disclosed structural gaps within the care systems, highlighting the importance of having robust formal care services to ensure continuity of care. Not only is there a need to improve the resilience of EU’s care systems, but also their availability since high-quality care services are still, for many people, neither accessible nor affordable. Specifically, people with disabilities are confronted with insufficient care services, support for families and personal assistance. Additionally, inadequate care services disproportionately impact women, obstructing their work-life balance and options to take on paid work.

Objective: The European care strategy works to improve standards for both carers and care receivers. In order to do so, it aims to increase the access to care services, as well as raise working conditions and create a work-life balance for carers. The increase of the availability of care services shall be accompanied by the improvement of their quality and affordability. Additionally, it is crucial for EU’s member states to improve access to and the quality of early childhood education and care. The revision of the Barcelona targets, proposed by the Commission, aims to enhance the participation of children at risk of poverty or social exclusion as well as increase the time-intensity of participation in early childhood education and care. Furthermore, due to increasing demand for care, the sector needs not only to retain staff but also to attract more workers with the right skills. Thus, better working conditions and wages, supported by strong social dialogue, education and training, shall be pursued. Having reliable and comparable data on participation in early childhood education and care, e.g. with a breakdown by specific groups or age categories can better monitor the progress and ensure evidence-based policy making.

Subject Matter: Two specific Council Recommendations have been proposed to provide policy frameworks for reforms and investments at national, regional and local levels. The Communication itself, sets out further supportive actions at European level and calls for action at national level. Member states shall introduce a legal entitlement to early childhood education and care, taking into account the availability and length of adequately paid family leave. They shall further work on improving working conditions for staff in early childhood education and care, while taking measures to improve the work-life balance for parents and close the gender care gap. The Commission will support member states in their individual efforts to design and implement reforms in the area of early childhood education and care via the European Education Area Strategic Framework and the Technical Support Instrument. Furthermore, utilising the upcoming Horizon Europe partnership ‘Transforming health and care systems’, the Commission will enhance assessment and transferability of good practices and create a community-building and exchange forum. Member states are advised to foster effective social dialogue and to conclude collective agreements for the care sector with the objective of providing care workers with fair working conditions and adequate wages. Consequently, the Commission will launch an awareness raising campaign on the new rights granted by the Work-Life Balance Directive and cover the unequal sharing of unpaid care work in its upcoming communication campaign on combating gender stereotypes.

Legislative procedure completed: On the 14th of December 2023, the Proposal for a Regulation on standards of quality and safety for substances of human origin intended for human application and repealing Directives 2002/98/EC and 2004/23/EC was adopted (press release). The Regulation further increases the safety and quality of substances of human origin (SoHO). New measures will fill regulatory aps, facilitate cross-border circulation and promote greater cooperation between national authorities. A SoHO Coodingation Board (SCB) is established to support member states in the implementation of the Regulation. The Regulation widens the scope of EU rules to cover all SoHOs like breast milk (except solid organs), improves donor and recipient protection, and requires the registration of all enteties carrying out activities affecting the safety and quality of SoHO.

Proposal: On the 14th of July 2022, the European Commission published a Proposal for a Regulation on standards of quality and safety for substances of human origin intended for human application and repealing Directives 2002/98/EC and 2004/23/EC (press release).

Problem: The current legislation contains outdated technical rules, which fail to fully protect patients from avoidable risks. Additionally, blood, tissues, and cells (BTC) donors, including children born from donated eggs, sperm, or embryos (offspring), are exposed to avoidable risks due to these outdated rules. Moreover, member states have divergent approaches to the oversight of BTC, which impedes cross-border exchanges of these materials. Consequently, the full potential of BTC processed or used in new ways is not fully realised for patients, and there is a vulnerability to interruptions in the EU supply of BTC.

Objective: The Proposal aims to set high standards of quality and safety for Substances of Human Origin (SoHO), blood, and blood derivatives, as required by Article 168(4) point (a) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). The overarching goal is to ensure a high level of health protection for EU citizens by ensuring they have access to safe and effective BTC. Recognising that new technologies and risks will continue to emerge, the Proposal seeks to implement a future-proof, crisis-resistant, and agile framework capable of accommodating new risks and trends. It also aims to continue providing appropriate safety and quality requirements while exploring areas for improving the efficiency of the legislation and simplifying its implementation for all stakeholders.

Subject Matter: A significant component of the Proposal is the introduction of a series of common measures to address legal gaps in the BTC framework. These measures aim to strengthen oversight, facilitate innovation, and manage the supply of SoHOs, especially in times of crisis. To support the implementation of these measures, guidelines from expert bodies will be developed. Additionally, an advisory mechanism for SoHOs is proposed, though no changes in the delineation of the borderline with legal frameworks for pharmaceuticals or medical devices are suggested. The Proposal also addresses the issue of voluntary unpaid donation of BTC. It recognises that the current approach has not been adequate in protecting EU patients from shortages or sudden supply disruptions. Therefore, the Proposal introduces measures to ensure safety and quality for patients treated with SoHO therapies, protect donors and offspring, harmonise oversight practices among member states, develop safe and effective innovative SoHO therapies, and improve the resilience of the sector to mitigate the risk of shortages. The Regulation aims to establish more harmonised measures for member states and organisations involved in the collection, testing, processing, distribution, and application of SoHOs. This harmonisation addresses the insufficient minimum harmonisation previously identified as a key reason for reduced trust between member states, resulting in reduced cross-border exchange and sub-optimal access for patients to SoHOs. Furthermore, the Proposal plans to establish a central digital platform, the EU SoHO Platform, which will facilitate the monitoring of several indicators, providing continuous information and data. This platform is crucial for monitoring the progress towards achieving the objectives of the new Regulation.

Proposal: On the 13th of December 2023, the European Commission published a Proposal for a Regulation on the collection and transfer of advance passenger information (API) for enhancing and facilitating external border controls, amending Regulation (EU) 2019/817 and Regulation (EU) 2018/1726, and repealing Council Directive 2004/82/EC (press release).

Problem: Due to an increased use of air travel in recent decades, efficient management of passenger flows at airports is necessary. However, current legislation on the collection and transmission of Advance Passenger Information (API) exhibits certain gaps and weaknesses, which affect the efficiency and effectiveness of border checks.

Objective: Therefore, the two proposals within the legislative package aim to strengthen the API framework by closing gaps and inconsistencies between member states in the collection and use of API. Simultaneously, external border management and the fight against illegal immigration shall also be improved.

Subject Matter: The proposal focuses on the effectiveness and efficiency of border controls at the external borders of the Union. It contains precise rules on the collection of API data and their transmission to competent border authorities. Specific attention is also given to the routers of the corresponding data. Through this harmonised framework, airlines shall be able to systematically request API data without being confronted with diverging requirements depending on the member state.

Proposal: On the 13th of December 2022, the European Commission published a Proposal for a Regulation on the collection and transfer of advance passenger information for the prevention, detection, investigation and prosecution of terrorist offences and serious crime, and amending Regulation (EU) 2019/818 (press release).

Problem: Union airports are frequently used in the context of serious and organised crime. Against this background, information on air passengers has an important role to play in law enforcement as well as in the fight against terrorism. The PNR Directive, which was adopted in 2016, already stipulates that airlines transfer commercially collected Passenger Name Record (PNR) to competent border authorities. However, the Directive does not require airlines to collect data that exceeds the normal course of business. Advance Passenger Information (API) data, which in combination with PNR data allows for particularly effective law enforcement, is therefore not collected and transferred in its entirety, under the current legislation.

Objective: Thus, the Regulation aims to close this gap by establishing more effective rules on the collection and transfer of API data in combination with PNR data. This should increase the effectiveness of the fight against serious crime and terrorism in the EU. The proposal is part of a package that aims to close gaps and inconsistencies between member states in the collection and use of API data.

Subject Matter: The Regulation contains instructions for the collection and transmission of API data by airlines to routers. As mentioned above, airlines will thus be obliged to transfer complete API data to Passenger Information Units via the router. In this context, specific provisions on protocols, processing and deletion of personal data will be adopted. Other provisions concern rules for routers and possible sanctions against airlines for non-compliance with the Regulation.

Non-legislative Act: On the 20th of September 2022, the European Commission published a Proposal for a Council Recommendation on strengthening prevention through early detection: A new EU approach on cancer screening and replacing Council Recommendation 2003/878/EC (Press release).

Problem: The Council Recommendation 2003/878/EC that encourages member states to implement population-based, quality-assured screening programmes has been instrumental in improving cancer screening and ensuring that the vast majority of people in the target age ranges have access to organised screening. Nonetheless, a 2017 implementation report highlighted ongoing challenges and needs, most importantly that the current Recommendation is not based on the latest evidence.

Objective: The optimised Recommendation shall support cancer screening through the whole pathway of cancer care as part of a new Union approach to cancer prevention under Europe’s Beating Cancer Plan. Developing a new EU-supported Cancer Screening Scheme shall ensure that, by 2025, 90 per cent of the EU population who qualify for breast, cervical and colorectal cancer screenings are offered screening. To do so, the breast, cervical and colorectal cancer screening recommendations are to be updated. Cancer screening programmes shall be extended to include lung and prostate cancer, as well as to gastric cancer in those countries or regions with the highest gastric cancer incidence and death rates. The regular systematic monitoring of screening programmes discover disparities via the European cancer information system and the Cancer Inequalities Registry. Data on cancer screening shall be shared across the Union, including through the planned European Health Data Space.

Subject Matter: EU’s member states are advised to offer evidence-based and person-centered cancer screening, taking into account the basic principles of safety, ethics, public engagement and equity. Screening programmes need to be accessible in accordance with European guidelines with quality assurance, where they exist, through a stepwise approach to take account of available human and financial resources. A systematic call/recall system and quality assurance at all appropriate levels, together with an effective and appropriate diagnostic and treatment and aftercare service shall follow evidence-based guidelines. In order to report the results to the public and the personnel providing the screening, the process of and outcome of organised cancer screening shall be monitored regularly. Cooperation between the member states and the exchange of best practices as regards cancer screening is highly encouraged by the Commission.

Non-legislative Act: On January 18th, the European Commission published a Communication on a European strategy for universities (press release).

Problem: In light of major challenges, the higher education sector has an essential role to play in Europe’s post-pandemic recovery and in shaping sustainable and resilient societies and economies. Several areas of concern are in crucial need of revision in order to allow universities to embark on a process of rethinking and renewing themselves. Transnational cooperation as well as the funding of universities are insufficient. Moreover, a persistent gender gap remains in some fields of study and research and in decision-making positions at universities. Foreign interference in higher education institutions is increasingly threatening the fundamental academic and democratic values that the EU’s universities strive for.

Objective: The Communication highlights the necessity to support and enable universities to adapt to changing conditions, to thrive and to contribute to Europe’s resilience and recovery. Specifically, there are four joint key objectives to be inaugurated by mid-2024. Initiatives that promote transnational cooperation such was the case with Erasmus+ and Horizon Europe shall be implemented. To do so, adequate financial support is pivotal. Higher education and research shall focus on ensuring 1) quality and relevance for future-proof skills, 2) diversity and inclusion 3) democratic practices, fundamental rights and academic values and freedom of scientific research. Universities shall be empowered as actors of change in the twin green and digital transitions by supporting their full engagement in unfolding green and digital transitions. Through deeper international cooperation within Europe and beyond, EU’s universities shall become more competitive on the global scene. Lastly, higher education systems in partner countries that work in line with European values are to be assisted.

Subject Matter: In cooperation with the stakeholders and the member states, the Commission aspires to expand to 60 European Universities with more than 500 universities as well establish a legal statute for alliances of universities by mid-2024. A unique European Student Identifier available to all mobile students in 2022 and to all students in universities in Europe by mid-2024 will be deployed as part of the European Student Card initiative. Member states are encouraged to maximise the impact of EU interventions, by seeking further synergies with national financing, notably in the context of European Universities and develop adequate funding mechanisms for universities. Interdisciplinary approaches, including through institutional accreditation, academic assessment, reward and professional development are to be facilitated, while national support schemes are to be developed. It is further crucial to enable the access to higher education of refugees and individuals seeking asylum, including the establishment and scaling of complementary pathways for refugee students and the related support. Additionally, the Commission will support member states’ efforts through peer learning and sharing best practices in promoting whole-institutional approaches to sustainability, climate and environmental literacy. Finally, in cooperation with the stakeholders and EU’s member states, the Commission will set-up a data-focused European Higher Education Sector Observatory in 2023 and promote synergies between the European Education Area, the European Research Area and the European Higher Education Area in a fit-for-purpose and flexible manner.

Legislative procedure completed: On the 05th April 2022, the European Council adopted and published a Recommendation on facilitating effective European cooperation in higher education.

Proposal: On the 18th of January 2022, the European Commission published a Recommendation for a Council Recommendation on building bridges for effective European higher education cooperation (press release).

Problem: A number of challenges impede the delivery of joint transnational educational activities and programmes at all levels. Such difficulties are linked to incompatible requirements preventing the award of joint degrees as well as the lack of a legal statute for alliances of higher education institutions preventing them to efficiently pool resources, share infrastructure or transfer technology.

Objective: The central aim of the Recommendation is to allow all higher education institutions in Europe, their learners, staff, and researchers to benefit from an optimised transnational cooperation. To do so, EU’s institutions as well as the member states need to join forces in an attempt to make the European higher education sector stronger and consolidate its global attractiveness and competitiveness. More transnational cooperation can help harness the potential of all available resources, engaging different types of higher education institutions with complementary education and research capacities, and strengths. Alliances of higher education institutions shall obtain a legal statute in order for them to pool resources, capacities and their strengths. Lastly, building transnational bridges at an institutional level can accelerate higher education institutions’ transformation across all their missions of education, research, innovation, and service to society, helping tackle European and global challenges.

Subject Matter: EU’s member states are advised to support higher education institutions to test the feasibility of setting-up a legal statute for alliances of higher education institutions. They shall promote the delivery at national level of a joint European degree, making it easier for higher education institutions engaged in transnational cooperation to provide joint programmes and award joint degrees. With a joint European degree, the value of transnational experiences in the higher education qualification the students obtain shall be recognised. Additionally, the generalised use of the European Student Card initiative made available to all mobile students by mid-2024 across all higher education institutions in Europe, will facilitate mobility at all levels. At the same time, it is crucial to protect institutional autonomy while setting up common governance arrangements for deeper transnational cooperation. Thus, universities shall be allowed to take independent decisions on internal governance, financial, staffing and academic matters. Furthermore, the Commission support the member states and higher education institutions to pilot the use of existing European instruments as a step with a view to developing by mid-2024 of a legal statute for alliances of higher education institutions. The Commission’s assistance in the roll-out of the European Student Card initiative shall help reduce the administrative burden of managing students and staff mobility and exchanges embedded within transnational partnerships of higher education institutions. The programmes made in the member states action plans for the implementation of this Recommendation, shall be evaluated by the Commission.

Legislative procedure completed: The European Ministers of the Interior voted on the 3rd of March 2022 in favour of adopting the proposal of the 2nd March, thus deciding in favour of activating the Temporary Protection Directive (press release).
Invoking Temporary Protection, the EU aims to offer quick and effective assistance in European countries to people fleeing the Russian invasion of Ukraine
The Directive will ensure the immediate protection and rights of those eligible, reduce pressure on national asylum systems, enhance solidarity and responsibility sharing, and lastly, secure further support from EU agencies such as Frontex, the European Union Asylum Agency and Europol.

Proposal: On the 2nd of March 2022 the European Commission published a Proposal for a Council Implementing Decision establishing the existence of a mass influx of displaced persons from Ukraine within the meaning of Article 5 of Council Directive 2001/55/EC of 20 July 2001, and having the effect of introducing temporary protection (Press release).

Problem: The unprovoked and unjustified Russian military Invasion of Ukraine on 24 February 2022 in violation of international law and the principles of the UN Charter, has already had and will continue to have an impact on EU’s external borders, increasing migratory pressure resulting from the many thousands of persons seeking protection in EU member states. Depending on how the conflict evolves, the EU is likely to host a significant number of persons, with a possible figure of between 2.5 million and 6.5 million persons. Thus, the Commission seeks to establish the existence of a mass influx of displaced Ukrainians and other third-country nationals and stateless persons legally residing in Ukraine at the time of the conflict.

Objective: This proposal primarily creates a legal basis in order to activate the application of the Temporary Protection Directive outlining the main elements, including a description of the specific groups of persons to whom the temporary protection should apply and the date on which the temporary protection will take effect. Temporary protection within the Union shall quickly allow displaced persons to enjoy harmonised rights that offer an adequate level of protection, including a residence permit, the possibility to engage in employed or self-employed activities, access to suitable accommodation, the necessary social welfare assistance, medical or other assistance, and means of subsistence. It shall further limit the need for these displaced persons to immediately seek international protection and overwhelm the asylum systems of the member states, by reducing formalities to a minimum because of the urgency of the situation. Lastly, member states shall be assisted to manage the influx of displaced persons in a controlled and effective way with full respect for fundamental rights and international obligations.

Subject Matter: Persons with the right to enjoy temporary protection include Ukrainian nationals residing in Ukraine who are displaced as of 24 February 2022 following the military invasion by Russian armed forces on that date, third-country nationals or stateless persons legally residing in Ukraine who are unable to return to their region of origin in safe and durable conditions because of the situation prevailing in that country, as well as family members of the two categories of people. The Commission shall coordinate cooperation and exchange of information among member states in relation to monitoring the reception capacities and identifying any need for additional support. The situation shall be kept under constant monitoring by the Commission, in cooperation with the member states, the European Border and Coast Guard Agency (Frontex), the European Union Asylum Agency and the European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation (Europol). Finally, the European Border and Coast Guard Agency (Frontex), the European Asylum Agency (EUAA) and Europol shall provide operational support to the member states who requested their assistance to help them cope with the situation, including for the purposes of applying this implementing Decision.

Non-legislative Act: On the 2nd of March 2022 the European Commission published a Communication providing operational guidelines for external border management to facilitate border crossings at the EU-Ukraine borders (Press release) .

Problem: In the light of the Russian military invasion of Ukraine on 24 February 2022, the European Union is facing a situation characterised by a mass influx of Ukrainians and other third country nationals residing in Ukraine at the time of the conflict. Rising waiting times at EU’s border crossing points as well as constant queues and congestions are calling for optimised contingency measures.

Objective: Operational guidelines are to assist the member states bordering Ukraine in the current situation at the external borders of the EU. Focusing on the measures available to the member states shall ensure the effective and efficient management of the crossing of persons fleeing Ukraine through the borders with Poland, Slovakia, Hungary and Romania. The guidelines shall additionally allow member states to avoid congestions at and around their borders, while maintaining a high level of security for the entire Schengen area. In particular, the guidance provides a comprehensive overview of facilitation measures concerning border controls which are available under the Schengen rules, while still ensuring the necessary level of border checks. Member states concerned are recommended to take advantage of support by European Border and Coast Guard Agency (Frontex) in all activities carried out by the border guards at the borders. In this respect, Frontex is to give priority treatment to all the requests of the member states concerned to the EUROSUR fusion services, in particular for providing regular monitoring with tailor made imagery services, including satellite imagery, covering the adjacent pre-frontier areas of Ukraine to assess the situation and providing tailored multipurpose aerial surveillance service. The Commission further strongly encourages member states with a common border with Ukraine to request support from Europol.

Subject Matter: Measures include the simplification of border controls for certain categories of persons, including vulnerable persons, such as children, and other categories, such as transport workers that find themselves in Ukraine while carrying out their services. Border controls shall be organised outside of border crossing points while special arrangements for crossing the borders by rescue services, police, fire brigades and border guards, seafarers regardless of their nationality shall be provided. In order to ensure access and return of organisations providing humanitarian aid to people in the Ukrainian territory, the establishment of emergency support lanes is essential. Outside the scope of the Schengen rules, the waiving of customs duties and measures to facilitate the entry of pet animals travelling with their owners from Ukraine are also planned.

Non-legislative Act: On the 21st of November 2022, the European Commission published an Action Plan for the Central Mediterranean (press release).

Problem: The increase in illegal immigration to the European Union highlights the need for sustainable and structural European solutions to common challenges based on the comprehensive approach set out in the New Pact on Migration and Asylum, including new measures on the external dimension of migration. The Western Balkan route in particular has seen a sharp increase in migratory movements. On the central Mediterranean route, over 90 000 migrants and refugees arrived in 2022, mainly from Libya and Tunisia, and originating mainly from Egypt, Tunisia and Bangladesh. This represents an increase of over 50 per cent compared to 2021, with most of these arrivals reaching the European Union after dangerous journeys and search and rescue operations at sea.

Objective: The Commission presents three main objectives that need to be achieved in order to provide adequate assistance to all persons in distress at sea until they are safely disembarked, regardless of the circumstances that brought people into such a situation. This includes better cooperation with partner countries and international organisations, a more coordinated approach to search and rescue, and enhanced implementation of the voluntary solidarity mechanism and the joint roadmap. It is crucial to promote cooperation and solidarity between member states, as well as coordination between all relevant actors and stakeholders, in order to prevent fatalities at sea, maintain the safety of shipping and find sustainable solutions to the current challenges.

Subject Matter: There is a list of 20 specific actions to be taken. Before the end of the year, the Team Europe initiative will be launched on the Central Mediterranean Route, providing new opportunities for coordination with partner countries and relevant UN agencies. Operational coordination of external action on migration will be improved through MOCADEM and EMWP, while the capacity of countries of exit, notably Libya, Tunisia and Egypt, will be strengthened. A new regional programme will be developed and implemented to combat migrant smuggling and human trafficking in North Africa. In addition, the trilateral EU/AU/UN Task Force on Libya will be strengthened to promote the use of humanitarian corridors from Libya to the EU and to intensify voluntary humanitarian returns from Libya to countries of origin or safe destination. The negotiation and conclusion of the working arrangement between Frontex and the EU Border Assistance Mission in Libya (EUBAM) and Frontex's cooperation with EUCAP Sahel Niger are also highlighted. This cooperation will also be consolidated with Niger. During 2023, the implementation of the EUAA-Egypt roadmap for international protection assistance will be accelerated. Diplomatic efforts with third countries to which irregular migrants are to be returned require coordination. In this context, it is necessary to quickly launch targeted return operations with the support of Frontex. The implementation of the Regional Development and Protection Programme in North Africa and Niger should be a priority alongside the accelerated activation of the talent partnerships with Tunisia, Egypt, and Bangladesh. EU member states need to strengthen their cooperation and coordination with Frontex, UNHCR and IOM. At the global level, further discussions within the International Maritime Organisation may be crucial. The Solidarity Platform should revise the standard operating procedures for resettlement and additionally match the proposed projects and financial contributions in order to start implementing the alternative solidarity measures through projects that match the identified activities and needs. Finally, it is recommended that the EUAA prioritise supporting member states in the rapid implementation of the voluntary solidarity mechanism through its instruments and operational plans.

Legislative procedure completed: On the 23rd of January 2024, the Proposal for a Directive amending Directive 2011/36/EU on preventing and combating trafficking in human beings and protecting its victims was adopted (press release). The new agreement introduces more robust regulations to combat human trafficking. It equips law enforcement and judicial bodies with enhanced tools to investigate and prosecute, especially concerning exploitation occurring online. These regulations extend to emerging forms of exploitation, such as forced surrogacy, illegal adoption, and forced marriage. Additionally, crimes facilitated through digital platforms will incur heavier penalties. The rules mandate formal referral mechanisms for victim support and criminalize the use of services provided by trafficking victims. Member States will need to formulate National Action Plans and designate National Anti-Trafficking Coordinators. Furthermore, an EU-wide annual data collection on trafficking cases will be mandatory. These changes aim to address the evolving challenges in trafficking and exploitation effectively.

Proposal: On the 19th of December 2022, the European Commission published a Proposal for a Directive amending Directive 2011/36/EU on preventing and combating trafficking in human beings and protecting its victims (press release).

Problem: Human trafficking for purposes other than sexual and labour exploitation has become more prominent over time. Advances in technology allow traffickers to recruit, advertise and exploit their victims remotely and to distribute exploitative material online. These same technological means make it more difficult to detect the crime, identify the perpetrators and trace the money used to commit the crimes and the profits made from the crimes. Although there is currently a regime of sanctions against legal persons, it does not sufficiently meet the objectives of the Anti-Trafficking Directive. Recent studies have shown that the demand for sexual services, cheap labour and products continues. In addition, a large proportion of trafficking cases go unreported. This is one of the factors preventing a comprehensive understanding of the extent of trafficking in the EU.

Objective: The Commission attempts to address the challenges posed by the increasing digitalisation of trafficking in human beings and to improve the criminal justice response to technology-enabled crimes. To this end, it is crucial to update the reference to tracing, freezing, managing and confiscating proceeds by explicitly referring to EU legislation on these issues. It shall be ensures that all member states establish national referral mechanisms through legislative or administrative provisions in order to streamline the functioning of relevant national bodies and to achieve further harmonisation of their structures and practices in referring victims to appropriate assistance and support systems. Offences against trafficking in human beings will be addressed by two different mandatory regimes, one for standard offences and one for serious offences. This would require member states to collect and report data on trafficking in human beings to the Commission on an annual basis.

Subject Matter: The Directive expects member states to take the necessary measures to ensure that a responsible legal person is subject to criminal or non-criminal fines and, where appropriate, sanctions, such as exclusion from entitlement to public benefits, aid, or subsidies and the temporary or permanent closure of establishments used for committing the offence. Member states shall take the necessary measures to ensure that their competent authorities have the power to trace, freeze, manage and seize the proceeds of crime and instrumentalities used to commit crime. The effectiveness of their systems for combating crime will be reviewed on the basis of statistical data. Member states shall bring into force the laws, regulations and administrative provisions necessary to comply with this Directive not later than one year after its entry into force. They shall forthwith communicate to the Commission the text of those provisions.

Legislative procedure completed: On the 15th of June 2021 the Regulation on a framework for the issuance, verification and acceptance of interoperable COVID-19 vaccination, test and recovery certificates (EU Digital COVID Certificate) to facilitate free movement during the COVID-19 pandemic entered into force. Previously, on the 21st of May 2021, the Council and the European Parliament had reached a provisional political agreement (Press release). 
The Regulation will enter into force on 1 July 2021, with a phasing-in period of six weeks for the issuance of certificates for those member states that need additional time. The EU Digital COVID Certificate will be available, free of charge, in a digital and paper-based format, containing a digitally signed QR code. It will cover vaccination, test and recovery information, allowing member states to refrain from imposing additional travel restrictions on the holders of an EU Digital COVID Certificate. The Commission will also mobilise €100 million to support Member States in providing affordable tests.

Problem: In the light of the Covid-19 pandemic, the right to free movement within and outside of the member states has been severely restricted over the last two years. The Regulation lays down a framework for the issuance, verification and acceptance of interoperable COVID-19 vaccination, test and recovery certificates (EU Digital COVID Certificate) for the purpose of facilitating the holders’ exercise of their right to free movement during the COVID-19 pandemic. It further facilitates the progressive and coordinated lifting of restrictions imposed in accordance with the Union law by member states in order to limit the spread of SARS-CoV-2.

Objective: The COVID certificate will enable EU citizens to exercise their right to free movement during the COVID-19 pandemic. As a uniform attestation of vaccination, testing and/or the recovery status of the holder, it shall be valid in all of the member states, free of charge and accessible to all EU citizens.

Subject Matter: The vaccination certificate will contain information on the identification of the holder, the administered vaccine and its number of doses. Further metadata such as the certificate issuer and/or a unique certificate identifier will also be added. Similar to the vaccination certificate, the test certificate will hold identification information on the citizen, the test performed as well as metadata as insurance. Information about the holder and the certificate metadata, as well as information about previous SARS-CoV-2 infections following a positive test (also applies to rapid test) will be included in the recovery certificate.
After the official adoption of the proposed Regulation, it is expected to enter into force on 1st of July 2021. The Regulation is to apply for a period of 12 months from the date of entry, while a six-week phase-in period is intended to make it easier for member states to comply with the requirements of the Regulation. Hitherto, it is possible for member states to issue certificates that are not yet in compliance with this Regulation. Four months after the date of application, the Commission has to submit a report to the European Parliament and the Council. No later than three months before the end of the application, a second report on the lessons learned from the application, including its impact on the facilitation of free movement and data protection, taking into account the evolution of the epidemiological situation of the pandemic will be published by the Commission.

Legislative procedure completed: On the 26th of March 2021, the Regulation establishing a Programme for the Union’s action in the field of health (‘EU4Health Programme’) for the period 2021-2027, and repealing Regulation (EU) No 282/2014 entered into force (press release).
As a response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the EU4Health Programme was adopted to reinforce crisis preparedness in the EU and contribute to building stronger, more resilient and more accessible health systems. Specifically, the EU4Health programme provides a budget of 5.3 billion euro during the 2021-27 period. The fund will be invested in four health areas to improve and foster health, protect people, allow access to medicinal products, medical devices and crisis-relevant products and strengthen health systems in EU’s member states.

Proposal: On 28 May 2020, the European Commission published a Proposal for a Regulation establishing a Programme of Union action in the field of health ("EU4Health Programme") for the period 2021-2027 and repealing Regulation (EU) No 282/2014.

Problem: The COVID-19 pandemic, which is one of the biggest challenges the world has been faced with, highlighted EU’s deficiencies in effective decision-making. Particularly due to the member states’ tendencies to act alone, the Commission demands the prioritization and coordination of the health systems within all member states in order to provide a state of the art health care, prepared to deal with unforeseeable health threats in line with the International Health Regulations (IHR).

Objective: The current Programme shall complement actions previously taken by the member states for the improvement of people’s health throughout the Union as well as ensure a high level of human health protection in all Union policies and activities. The promotion of health in the Union is essential for reducing the burden of communicable and non-communicable diseases. Further, reducing health inequalities, promoting healthy lifestyles and enabling access to healthcare are some of the objectives. The Regulation aims to protect Union citizens from serious cross-border threats to health and ensure the responsiveness and coordination of member states' health systems. Additionally, the availability, accessibility and affordability of medicines, medical devices and crisis-related products within the EU should be improved, contributing to the development of better health systems, their resilience and resource efficiency.

Subject Matter: The Commission will strengthen the capability of the Union for prevention, preparedness and response to serious cross-border threats to health, and the management of health crises, including through coordination, provision and deployment of emergency health care capacity, and data gathering and surveillance. Ensuring the availability of reserves of medical, healthcare and support staff in case of a crisis in addition to supporting actions to ensure appropriate availability, accessibility and affordability of crisis relevant products and other necessary health supplies have been planned. By supporting digital transformation, the uptake of digital tools and services, systemic reforms, implementation of new care models and universal health coverage can enhance the effectiveness, accessibility, sustainability and resilience of health systems. Further, the EU aims to foster the prudent and efficient use of medicines, by encouraging a more environmentally friendly production and disposal of medicines and medical devices. The development, implementation and enforcement of Union health legislation as well as the deployment of high-quality, comparable and reliable data in order to underpin policy making and monitoring, and further promote the use of health impact assessments of relevant policies have been highlighted. Member states shall be reinforced to work in coordination with each other, particularly on the basis of their health systems, including in the implementation of high-impact prevention practices, and the scaling up networking through the European Reference Networks and other transnational networks. Lastly, EU will be globally contributing to international and global health initiatives.

Non-legislative Act: On the 16th of September 2021, the European Commission published a Communication introducing HERA, the European Health Emergency preparedness and Response Authority, the next step towards completing the European Health Union (press release).

Problem: The European Health Emergency Preparedness and Response Authority (HERA) is necessary due to the increasing frequency and severity of global health crises driven by factors like population growth, climate change, and modern travel. These factors have made major health crises inevitable, as evidenced by the COVID-19 pandemic, which showed that nations were under-prepared for such emergencies. The pandemic highlighted the need for a coordinated and proactive approach to health security within the EU. Correspondingly, there is a pressing need to improve Europe’s capacity to prevent, detect, and respond to health emergencies more effectively.

Objective: HERA aims to address the problem by enhancing the EU's health security through better preparedness and rapid response capabilities. It will focus on the development, manufacturing, procurement, and equitable distribution of essential medical countermeasures such as vaccines and diagnostics. Furthermore, HERA will strengthen health security coordination within the EU, involving member states, industry, and relevant stakeholders in joint efforts. Moreover, by establishing a shared resource within the European Commission, HERA will ensure swift operationalisation and flexibility to mobilise existing powers, tools, and programmes to manage health crises effectively.

Subject Matter: HERA's operations encompass two distinct phases: preparedness and crisis. During the preparedness phase, HERA will work closely with member states to identify and prioritise potential health threats, investing in the development and production of medical countermeasures such as vaccines, diagnostics, and therapeutics. Moreover, it will establish an anticipatory system for threat assessments, utilising horizon scanning, market intelligence, and data analysis to detect emerging health threats early and to evaluate their potential impacts. HERA will promote advanced research and development by fostering collaboration among researchers, biotech companies, manufacturers, and public authorities. This includes leveraging the EU Pandemic Preparedness Partnership to coordinate research efforts and ensuring the rapid adaptation and scaling of production capacities. Furthermore, HERA will build on existing initiatives like the HERA Incubator, which was instrumental in responding to the COVID-19 crisis by accelerating the detection and characterisation of new variants, and adapting vaccines accordingly. Additionally, HERA will support the establishment of EU-wide clinical trial networks and data platforms to streamline and expedite the development of health solutions. In addressing market challenges, HERA aims to strengthen the EU’s industrial resilience by identifying and mitigating supply chain dependencies and bottlenecks. This will involve systematic mapping of critical production facilities, monitoring manufacturing capacities, and fostering industrial partnerships. Furthermore, HERA will act to ensure the availability of critical technologies and production sites capable of scaling up production during health crises, thereby reducing the EU’s reliance on external sources. The establishment of the EU FAB flexible manufacturing project exemplifies this effort, aiming to maintain a network of production capacities that can be rapidly mobilised in emergencies. HERA will also enhance the EU's stockpiling and procurement strategies to ensure the availability of essential medical countermeasures. By reinforcing stockpiling capacities and coordinating with EU agencies, national authorities, and external stakeholders, HERA aims to prevent the shortages experienced during the COVID-19 pandemic. This involves using joint EU-level procurement mechanisms to achieve health security objectives and ensuring effective transportation, storage, and distribution of medical countermeasures across the EU. During the crisis phase, HERA will shift to an operational mode that includes swift decision-making and implementation of emergency measures. A Health Crisis Board will be established to coordinate urgent actions, comprising representatives from the Commission and each member state. HERA will also activate emergency research and innovation plans, utilise Union-wide clinical trial networks, and deploy emergency funding mechanisms such as the Emergency Support Instrument (ESI) to ensure rapid and flexible financial support. Moreover, HERA will play a crucial role in the international dimension of health security. By facilitating collaboration with global partners and supporting low- and middle-income countries, HERA aims to enhance global preparedness and response capacities. This includes addressing international supply chain bottlenecks, promoting global production capacities, and ensuring the availability of medical countermeasures during global health emergencies.

Legislative procedure completed: On the 15th of March 2024, the Proposal for a Regulation on the European Health Data Space was adopted (press release). The Proposal aims to prioritize citizens' control over their healthcare data and facilitate its use for research and public health purposes. The agreement reached by co-legislators establishes clear rules for accessing and utilizing health data across the EU, ensuring compliance with high data protection standards. Through the European Health Data Space, citizens will have seamless access to their health records, while healthcare professionals can access patient data for treatment, and research efforts can leverage data securely for innovation and public health initiatives.

Proposal: On the 3rd of May 2022, the European Commission published a Proposal for a Regulation on the European Health Data Space (press release).

Problem: When it comes to exercising the rights over their electronic health data, including accessing and transmitting their electronic health data nationally and cross-borders, natural persons face several difficulties. Although provisions of Regulation (EU) 2016/679 ensure the rights of natural persons over their data, including health data, are safeguarded, the uneven implementation and interpretation of the GDPR by member states creates legal uncertainties, resulting in barriers to secondary use of electronic health data. This results in difficulties for natural persons to benefit from innovative treatments, while policy-makers, due to barriers impeding access to necessary electronic health data, are not able to react effectively to a health crisis. Additionally, given different standards and limited interoperability, manufacturers of digital health products and providers of digital health services operating in one member state face barriers and additional costs when entering another one. Finally, in light of the COVID-19 pandemic, the necessity of ensuring timely access to personal electronic health data for health threats preparedness and response, as well as for treatment has been emphasised.

Objective: The Regulation aims to establish rules governing the European Health Data Space in order to protect natural persons’ access and control over their own health data. It is further crucial to improve the functioning of the single market for the development and use of innovative health products and services based on health data. Moreover, ensuring that researchers, innovators, policy-makers and regulators make the most of the available health data for their work, while preserving trust and security has been highlighted. Specific objectives aspire to empower natural persons through increased digital access to and control of their health data and support their free movement. Setting requirements specific to electronic health record (EHR) systems and obligations shall ensure that EHR systems placed on the market are interoperable, secure and respect the rights of natural persons regarding their health data. Lastly, a consistent and efficient framework for the secondary use of natural persons’ health data for research, innovation, policy-making, official statistics, patient safety or regulatory activities is envisaged.

Subject Matter: With this Regulation, the European Health Data Space (‘EHDS’) is established. Rules, common standards and practices, infrastructures and a governance framework for the primary and secondary use of electronic health data are provided in the document in order to better protect the rights of natural persons in relation to the availability and control of their electronic health data. Presented rules address the placing on the market, making available on the market or putting into service of electronic health records systems (‘EHR systems’) in the Union. Additional rules and mechanisms will support the secondary use of electronic health data. A mandatory cross-border infrastructure is established, enabling the primary use of electronic health data across the Union. This Regulation specifically applies to manufacturers and suppliers of EHR systems and wellness applications placed on the market; controllers and processors established in the Union processing electronic health data of Union citizens and third-country nationals legally residing in the territories of member states; and to data users to whom electronic health data are made available by data holders in the Union.

Non-legislative Act: On the 29th of September 2021, the EU Commission published a Communication about a renewed EU action plan against migrant smuggling (Press release).

Problem: The rise of migrant smuggling, particularly the instrumentalisation of migration for political purposes, demands a new strategy from the EU as well as the member states in order to protect EU’s external borders, reduce human trafficking, and protect the fundamental rights of the people concerned.

Objective: With the 2021-2025 Action Plan, the Commission aims to build on the successes of the first EU Action Plan (2015-2020) in order to obstruct current smuggling strategies. In addition to the transition of smuggling networks from ‘low risk, high return’ into ‘high risk, low return’ that was established by the first action plan, better regulations of migration are required. Several priorities were presented by the Commission for tackling migrant smuggling, these include: reinforced cooperation with partner countries and international organisations, implementing the legal frameworks and sanctioning smugglers active within and outside the EU, preventing exploitation and ensuring the protection of migrants, reinforcing cooperation and supporting the work of law enforcement and the judiciary to respond to new challenges, and improving the knowledge on smugglers’ modi operandi.

Subject Matter: Operational partnerships with third countries along migratory routes and international organisations such as UNODC and Interpol will be shaped through operational, legal, diplomatic and financial tools. This will enable the Commission to better enforce the Anti-trafficking Directive and the Residence Permit Directive. After the report on the implementation of the Facilitators package in 2023, further action will be considered. In the first half of 2022, the Commission plans to propose a complete digitalisation of the visa procedure jointly with finalising the negotiations on the Screening Regulation and adopting the Eurodac Regulation as a matter of priority. Additionally, it calls on Frontex to further reinforce its capacity to monitor designated maritime areas and identify suspicious vessels, and in cooperation with Europol and Eurojust, to further support partner countries to identify digital smuggling. Ultimately, the development of new technologies, including that of artificial intelligence, and regular reports on migrant smuggling by Frontex and Europol, can help deter human trafficking.

Non-legislative Act: On the 27th of April 2021 the EU Commission published a Communication regarding an EU Strategy on voluntarily return and reintegration (Press release).

Problem: Being part of the European Commission's New Pact on Migration and Asylum, a common EU approach for returns is an essential component of a comprehensive and integrated migration management system. Considering however that only about a third of the people ordered to leave the EU effectively do so, the Commission is committed to implement a new strategy to enforce the return and reintegration of migrants.

Objective: The Communication advocates for the voluntary return of migrants as well as improved and effective reintegration measures in the countries of return. A humane, effective and sustainable return of irregular migrants is key to promoting trust in the system, making it more credible and efficient. Through a common and ambitious reintegration policy, the EU intents to help overcome the socio-economic and psychosocial difficulties migrants face when returning to their community, thus making their return more sustainable. Future prospects for the returnee and their local community will be fostered by reinforcing the cooperation between national and local authorities, host communities and the civil society. Reintegration can in turn lead to new partnerships and promote more comprehensive development strategies in partner countries. The Commission aims to assist the member states to a more consistent and coordinated approach, fully exploiting the potential of voluntary return and reintegration as well as establishing closer links with development initiatives and national strategies in partner countries. Overall, the strategy aspires to increase the effectiveness and sustainability of the common EU return system for the benefit of returnees, the EU and partner countries.

Subject Matter: In order to implement this strategy, the Commission, in cooperation with the Council and the European Parliament, will work on concluding negotiations on the various elements of the new package including but not limited to the Eurodac Regulation. The commission requires Frontex to carry out more return operations and to take over the activities of the European Return and Reintegration Network by mid-2022. It further recommends a cooperation between member states and Frontex in the areas of voluntary return and the first steps towards reintegration. The close partnership between the Commission and the High Representative in the partner countries concerned is intended to ensure coordination between all participants. The Return Coordinator and the High Level Network for Return shall be responsible for ensuring that member states' actions in the field of voluntary return and reintegration are coherent and coordinated. Moreover, with the support of Frontex information tools at EU level, such as the List of Return and Reintegration Assistance Inventory, should be optimized. To foster ownership of reintegration by partner countries, the Commission, together with all stakeholders, will collaborate with authorities and local communities of those countries in planning and implementing reintegration programmes. The Commission will support the strengthening of third countries’ capacity to provide voluntary return and reintegration services. Finally, the Commission will further support research on voluntary return and take into account the objectives of this strategy in member states' multiannual programmes under the Asylum, Migration and Integration Fund.

Non-legislative Act: On the 2nd of July 2021 the EU Commission published a Communication regarding a strategy towards a fully functioning and resilient Schengen area (Press Release).

Problem: A series of crises and challenges in the last decade, including the 2015 "refugee crisis" and the persistent terrorist threat on European soil, have led to internal border controls being reintroduced in a number of member states, undermining the core idea of the Schengen area. Furthermore, faced with the Covid pandemic, more member states were prompted to reintroduce internal border controls, jeopardising the proper functioning of the Single Market. Given that the Schengen area is one of the biggest achievements of European integration and has a fundamental role in the European Union’s construction, the Commission developed a strategy optimizing the functioning of the Schengen area.

Objective: The Commission aims to strengthen the three key pillars of the Schengen area, i.e. effective external border management, measures to compensate for the absence of controls at internal borders and robust governance, for new challenges ahead. Accordingly, new measures are needed to protect the integrity of the Schengen area and further improve its functioning. In order to guarantee freedom, security and justice, the EU is required to take effective action particularly in the areas of security, police and judicial cooperation as well as migration. Through the operational cooperation and information exchange between police and judicial authorities in criminal matters as well as measures in the fields of visa and return policy, the effective exercise of the fundamental freedoms within the European Union will be ensured. Additionally, increased political dialogue, better monitoring, enforcement of the Schengen legal framework and a strong governance system equipped to deal with future Schengen-wide challenges, can compensate for the absence of controls at internal borders as well as foster trust between member states.

Subject matter: The Commission will present several proposals for regulations in the areas of border management and visa procedures in the period of 2021 and 2023. A guidance on the systematic checks against relevant databases at entry and exit of the Schengen area, as well as model provisions on the exchange of information on situational awareness to be used in bilateral and multilateral agreements with third countries, will also be provided. Other proposals, such as the legislative proposal for an EU Police Cooperation Code, have also been planned. In the light of global digitalisation, the use of technologies as alternative to border controls is to be examined and the Handbook on the European Arrest Warrant is to be modernised. Moreover, the Commission will present a proposal for a Regulation to revise the Schengen Evaluation and Monitoring Mechanism. Organising Schengen Forums and annual "State of Schengen Reports", the Commission will evaluate previous activities and possibly optimise them with new measures. By presenting a Communication on the lessons learned from the Covid pandemic, the EU will be able to codify new guidelines and recommendations in the Practical Handbook for Border Guards. The proposal for a regulation amending the Schengen Borders Code and the establishment of an emergency plan for better crisis management are also foreseen

Legislative procedure completed: On the 9th of June 2022, the Proposal for  Regulation on the establishment and operation of an evaluation and monitoring mechanism to verify the application of the Schengen acquis and repealing Regulation (EU) No 1053/2013 was adopted (press release). The proposed changes aim to increase efficiency, flexibility, and political dialogue, and strengthen fundamental rights evaluations. Efficiency measures include thematic evaluations, a 7-year evaluation cycle, no prior notifications for unannounced evaluations, shorter evaluation processes, a fast-track procedure for significant deficiencies, an annual pool of experts, and enhanced cooperation with EU agencies. Political dialogue will be fostered by involving the Council more in relevant cases and including Schengen evaluation results in the annual State of Schengen report. Fundamental rights evaluations will involve the Fundamental Rights Agency more and allow unannounced evaluations for serious violations.

Proposal: On the 2nd of June 2021 the EU Commission published a Proposal for a Council Regulation on the establishment and operation of an evaluation and monitoring mechanism to verify the application of the Schengen acquis and repealing Regulation (EU) No 1053/2013 (Press release) .

Problem: In the light of new challenges such as the instability in Europe’s neighbourhood and beyond, the 2015 refugee crisis and its consequences, the persistent terrorist threat and the COVID-19 pandemic, the EU's Schengen area has been put under sustained pressure. A new Schengen Strategy tackling the vulnerability around the European borders is needed in order to adequately promote the significant social and economic benefits that were once established by the ‘Schengen Agreement’.

Objective: The Proposal aims to ensure a strengthened and a more resilient Schengen area that does not have internal border controls, while also optimising the governance and surveillance structures. Through the revision of the Schengen evaluation and monitoring mechanism, the absence of controls at internal borders will be compensated, the free movement facilitated and a high level of security and justice ensured. In doing so, the mechanism may promote mutual trust between member states. This, in turn, should contribute to an improved performance within the Schengen area as well as tackle current challenges faced by the EU. The new Mechanism should carry out impartial and objective evaluations that are able to identify deficiencies in the application of the legislation in practice and ensure that those deficiencies are swiftly addressed. Following an evaluation programme from 2015-2019, significant weaknesses in the Mechanism that were identified - including the excessively long duration of the evaluation process (10-12 months) and the time needed by Member States to implement the recommendations (two years)- will be addressed by the new evaluation and monitoring mechanism.

Subject Matter: The Commission shall establish annual and multiannual evaluation programmes, the drafting of questionnaires, the setting of schedules of visits, the conducting of visits, the drafting of evaluation reports and recommendations as well as ensure the follow-up and monitoring activities. Through the cooperation between the Commission and the member states the implementation of the new Regulation can be optimised. The evaluation and monitoring mechanism will be carried out with the contribution of the relevant Union bodies, offices and agencies in accordance with their respective mandates. Additionally, member states are required to grant full and unimpeded access to all areas, premises and documents to which access has been requested, including national and internal guidelines and instructions, also classified ones. The implementation of the Regulation will be further facilitated though expertise, risk analysis, reports and other relevant information provided by Frontex and Europol.

Non-legislative Act: On the 14th of April 2021 the EU Commission published a Communication regarding an EU Strategy to tackle Organised Crime (Press release).

Problem: Due to its complex nature, organised crime poses a significant threat to European citizens, business, state institutions, and to the economy. Although national measures currently applied by the member states are crucial to combat crime, a common Union strategy can better address the challenges of organised crime given that it is operating cross-border and online, across all areas of crime in a networked environment, using the newest technologies, and threatening EU’s security as a whole.

Objective: By promoting cooperation between law enforcement and judicial authorities within the member states, the exchange and timely access of information needs to be facilitated. Multidisciplinary and multiagency operational cooperation globally, particularly in areas with no internal border controls such as freedom, security and justice, should contribute to the dismantling of global criminal networks as well as their transport routes. The Communication highlights the need to tackle organised crime structures, thus not only investigate low level criminals, but also weaken the entire network or rather 'the criminal ecosystem'. Reinforcing asset recovery measures is necessary in order to prevent money laundering, the promotion of financial investigations and the penetration of profits from organised crime into the economy and society. In light of the current digitization trend, the EU plans on upgrading its law enforcement and justice departments with new technologies.

Subject Matter: The Commission will initiate four new proposals, including the launch of a platform for cooperation between Joint Investigation Teams. The cooperation with various stakeholders to optimise the European Multidisciplinary Platform against Criminal Threats (EMPACT) and new measures to combat international crime are meant to be generatred between 2021 and 2025. The financial resources needed to combat organized crime are to be increased through the Internal Security Fund for the period 2021-2027. In 2022, an EU anti-counterfeiting toolkit will be established setting out principles for joint action, cooperation and data sharing among law enforcement authorities, right holders and intermediaries. In the same year, a further action plan against trafficking of cultural goods will be encouraged. Through the revision of Confiscation Directive and the Council Decision on Asset Recovery Offices as well as the assessment of existing EU anti-corruption rules, the Commission intends to strengthen its crime prevention network. Additionally, the EU is determined to cooperate and exchange information on the link between corruption and organised crime including through Europol. By cooperating with member states new measures will be evaluated to address lawful and targeted access by law enforcement authorities to encrypted information in the context of criminal investigations. Similarly, the involvement of member states in the Digital Exchange of Electronic Evidence (e-EDES) system will optimise the fight against crime, particularly on the ‘Darknet’, thus it is essential for the EU to develop a common surveillance tool.

Proposal: On the 11th of May 2022 the European Commission published a Proposal for a Regulation laying down rules to prevent and combat child sexual abuse (press release).

Problem: In order to ensure the protection of children both offline and online, detection and reporting of as well as the support to victims of child sexual abuse are crucial. Considering that at least one in five children falls victim to sexual violence during childhood, the EU is currently still failing to protect children, with the online dimension representing a particular challenge. While member states have started preparing and adopting national rules to fight against online child sexual abuse, uniform Union rules on the detection, reporting, and removal of online child sexual abuse are necessary to adequately protect the children.

Objective: The Proposal primarily aims to guarantee children’s fundamental rights to care and to protection of their well-being, mental health and best interest, and support the general public interest to effectively prevent, investigate and prosecute the perpetration of the serious crime of child sexual abuse. Establishing a clear and harmonised legal framework on preventing and combating online child sexual abuse shall allow legal certainty to providers as to their responsibilities to assess and mitigate risks and, where necessary, to detect, report and remove such abuse on their services in a manner consistent with the fundamental rights laid down in the Charter and as general principles of EU law. A European Centre shall be developed in order to prevent and counter child sexual abuse (‘the EU Centre’) to facilitate and support implementation of this Regulation and thus help remove obstacles to the internal market, especially in connection to the obligations of providers under this Regulation to detect online child sexual abuse, report it and remove child sexual abuse material.

Subject Matter: The EU Center shall create, maintain and operate databases of indicators of online child sexual abuse that providers will be required to use to comply with the detection obligations. The EU Centre shall carry out certain complementary tasks, such as assisting competent national authorities in the performance of their tasks under this Regulation and providing support to victims in connection to the providers’ obligations. Additionally, it shall use its central position to facilitate cooperation and the exchange of information and expertise, including for the purposes of evidence-based policy-making and prevention between all parties involved. The monitoring of the implementation of the regulation shall be in jurisdiction of the EU Centre (along with service providers and Coordinating Authorities) that shall collect and analyse data relevant for measuring the effectiveness of the detection, reporting, and removal obligations. The data collected by the EU Centre shall be made available to the Coordinating Authorities and to the Commission. To help ensure that the database is prepared by the entry of this Regulation, the Commission has already made funding available to member states.

Non-legislative Act: On the 10th of December 2021, the European Commission published a Proposal for a Council Recommendation on a European approach to micro-credentials for lifelong learning and employability (press release).

Problem: Today, people need to constantly update their knowledge, skills, and competences to bridge the gap between their education and training and the demands of a rapidly changing labour market. In addition, the COVID-19 pandemic has led to a rapid increase in demand for short, tailor-made learning opportunities. This demand for new forms of learning resulted in an increase in interest in 'micro-credentials' that certify the outcomes of these small learning experiences. However, the lack of a common definition of micro-credentials causes concerns about their value, quality, recognition, transparency as well as portability between and within education and training sectors, portability on the labour market and portability across countries.

Objective: The main aim is to expand learning opportunities for all and facilitate more flexible learning pathways throughout life, as well as to promote the right to timely and tailored support to improve prospects for employment or self-employment. Specific objectives presented in the proposal are: allowing people to acquire the knowledge, skills and competences they need to thrive in a changing labour market and society. They shall benefit fully from both a socially fair recovery from COVID-19 and just transitions to the green and digital economy. Providers of micro-credentials need more support to enhance the flexibility of the learning offer in order to empower people to forge personalised learning and career pathways. Inclusiveness and equal opportunities will be fostered, contributing to the achievement of resilience, social fairness and prosperity for all, in a context of demographic change and throughout all phases of economic cycles.

Subject Matter: Member states are invited to apply a common EU definition, standards, and basic principles for the design, issuance, and transferability of micro-credentials. They should develop the micro-credential ecosystem and use the potential of micro-credentials to support lifelong learning and employability. The ongoing and emerging development of micro-credentials should be facilitated in formal learning environments. Therefore, member states need to support higher education institutions to explore the role of micro-credentials by developing an attractive, inclusive and learner-centred range of lifelong learning activities, including through the activities of the European Higher Education Alliances. In addition, the ongoing and emerging development of micro-skills in non-formal and informal learning environments will be supported, including by promoting the provision and design of micro-skills through the allocation of public funds. The Commission will develop and adapt existing Union tools and services to support development of micro-credentials by all types of providers. This Recommendation shall be implemented by the member states as soon as possible. Finally, they will have to submit a plan setting out the corresponding measures to be taken at national level to support the achievement of the objectives of the Recommendation by 2025.

Legislative procedure completed: On the 16th of June 2022, the Proposal for a Recommendation on individual learning accounts was adopted (press release). It recommends that member states enable adults to participate in training by supporting all working-age adults to access and accumulate training rights over time, regardless of their professional status. It also suggests setting up individual learning accounts to incentivize lifelong learning, coupled with career guidance, accreditation, paid educational leave, and a digital catalogue of eligible training courses, with member states determining the specifics and financing of these accounts.

Proposal: On the 10th of December 2021, the European Commission published a Proposal for a Council Recommendation on individual learning accounts (press release).

Problem: As previous initiatives have proven insufficient to substantially increase adult participation in continuing education and to close the gaps in support for access to continuing education, a completely new approach to lifelong learning is needed. Although the situation varies between member states, they all face similar challenges: Individuals do not receive sufficient financial support for continuing education, including for overcoming barriers to continuing education, and there is a lack of motivation to take up continuing education. For individuals, these problems lead to a higher risk of unemployment, lower wages and lower job satisfaction. In turn, companies face lower productivity. This results in lower GDP and lower resilience of the economy as a whole.

Objective: This Recommendation aims to support member states' efforts to enable more adults to engage in further learning in order to increase participation rates and reduce skills gaps. In doing so, it contributes to the EU's goal of promoting a highly competitive social market economy aiming at full-employment and social progress. All working-age adults should have access to continuing education, including for career transitions and regardless of their employment or occupational status, and be given more incentives and motivation to continue learning. Member states need to set up individual learning accounts to enable individuals to participate in training relevant to the labour market, and to establish a framework including guidance and validation opportunities to encourage the effective take-up of such training.

Subject Matter: Adequate annual provision must be accumulated for each individual learning account and used over a period of time to provide more extensive training. Member states must provide additional individual training entitlements for the accounts of those most in need of training or retraining. In addition, employers are encouraged to provide additional individual training entitlements for the individual learning accounts of their employees and others working in their industrial value chain. The availability and accessibility of career guidance services and validation opportunities, in person or online, must be ensured for each individual learning account holder, free of charge or through the use of their individual training entitlements. Furthermore, it is crucial that member states monitor and evaluate the functioning of individual learning accounts and the related framework and make adjustments where necessary in order to achieve the objective of this Recommendation in the most efficient way. Finally, the Commission shall evaluate the implementation of this Recommendation, in cooperation with the member states and after consulting the social partners and relevant stakeholders, and report to the Council within five years of its adoption.

Non-legislative Act: On the 5th of October 2021 the EU Commission published a Communication regarding an EU Strategy on Combating Antisemitism and Fostering Jewish Life (Press release) .

Problem: The Jewish community in Europe has continuously become a victim of harassment and discrimination. In the past decade, there has been a rise in antisemitism within the Member States, leading to several instances of hate speech, hate crimes, attacks on Jewish people, their properties, and institutions. Given that core European values such as the rule of law and respect for human rights are being disregarded through antisemitism, the Commission developed a strategy combatting hateful crimes and discrimination against the Jews.

Objective: The Communication demands a new strategy in the timeframe of 2021-2030 for combating all forms of antisemitism including but not limited to antisemitic incitement, hate crime and discrimination in all policy areas as well as in everyday life. In the course of promoting Jewish life in the EU and as part of the new Security Union strategy, extremism directed against Jews should be countered. Freedom of religion and belief are some of the areas in which the Jewish minority faces disadvantages and therefore needs a clear protection strategy. Optimizing education, research and remembrance, particularly with regard to the history of antisemitism in Europe, including the Holocaust, can further promote equality.

Subject Matter: The Commission will foster an annual civil society forum on combating antisemitism, where stakeholders and representatives of the Jewish community will identify measures required against discrimination. The mobilization of EU funds should be directed towards funding programs such as the Citizens, Equality, Rights and Values (CERV) programme, which aims to promote the fundamental rights of all people. National strategies for combatting antisemitism of respective member states will be encouraged and further evaluated by the Commission in 2023. Promoting organizations and projects that report on antiemetic hate speech both online and in everyday life, while integrating support services for victims of antisemitic hate crimes are also covered by the Communication. By 2022, new standards will be set for national equality bodies, and the member states will be supported in implementing the reforms. The IHRA definition will be used as a guideline as part of a zero-tolerance approach to antisemitic incidents within institutions. Further training of selected staff on the detection of antisemitism in the workplace has been planned. Additionally, the IHRA definition of Holocaust denial and falsification/trivialization for educational and awareness-raising purposes should be stimulated and transmitted to the general population through social media campaigns. The Program “Horizon Europe” encourages the financing of research and innovation activities with the aim of understanding current radicalization trends and presenting ways of effective prevention. Intercultural and interreligious dialogue will be implemented in order to maintain the cultural heritage, while the digitization of archives and testimonies of the Holocaust and the creation of a European research centre on modern antisemitism, Jewish life and culture can also contribute to the protection of Jews in the EU.

Legislative procedure completed: On June 23, 2022, the European Parliament and the Council reached an agreement on the Regulation regarding serious cross-border threats to health (press release).
With a stronger and more comprehensive legal framework, the EU shall be better equipped to react rapidly and trigger the implementation of preparedness and response measures to cross-border threats to health across the Union. Joint action on preparedness, surveillance, risk assessment, as well as early warning and response will increase EU’s and its member states’ capacities to do accurate risk assessments and take targeted response actions, including joint procurement of medical countermeasures, such as vaccines and therapeutics.

Proposal: On the 11th of November 2020 the European Commission published a Proposal for a Regulation on serious cross-border threats to health and repealing Decision No 1082/2013/EU (Press release).

Problem: During the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic, it has become evident that EU’s mechanisms for managing health threats suffer from general shortcomings that require a more structured Union-level approach when dealing with any future health crises. Providing a limited legal framework, the current system has not ensured an optimal response, therefore, a stronger and more comprehensive legal framework within which the Union can react rapidly and trigger the implementation of preparedness and response measures to cross-border threats to health across the EU, is being proposed. With a more consistent and coordinated approach the EU shall prepare for and manage any health crises to come.

Objective: The Commission’s proposal is primarily aims to strengthen preparedness capacities through the development of an EU health crisis and pandemic preparedness plan as well as to lay down requirements for the plans at regional and national level. This is to ensure the functionality of the health care system even under crisis conditions. Further objectives include enhanced surveillance, monitoring and accuracy of risk assessments at EU level by establishing rules for the surveillance of novel pathogens based on common EU case definitions in case of emergencies, and for the reporting of health systems and other relevant data for the management of cross-border threats. Member states are advised to cooperate in specific areas; therefore, the Commission advocates the establishment of new EU networks operated by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). Enhancing capacities for all-hazard risk assessment by the relevant agencies (ECDC, the European Medicines Agency) and risk assessment coordination where more agencies are concerned by establishing rules on the recognition of emergency situations, and activating new Union emergency mechanisms for the management of health crisis are further suggested.

Subject Matter: The development of an EU health crisis and pandemic preparedness plan shall lay down requirements for the plans at national level and be coupled with a comprehensive and transparent framework for reporting and auditing. This Regulation shall apply to public health measures including but not limited to communicable diseases, biotoxins, threats of chemical origin, threats of environmental or climate origin as well as threats of unknown origin. Establishing a Health Security Committee composed of representatives of the member states will enable coordinated action for the implementation of this Regulation as well as the preparedness and response planning of the member states. The Commission, in cooperation with member states and the relevant Union agencies, shall establish a Union health crisis and pandemic plan to promote effective and coordinated response to cross-border health threats at Union level. Coordination within the HSC will ensure the monitoring, early warning and assessment of, and response to serious cross-border threats to health. This early warning system will be supported by improved data collection tools and artificial intelligence. While a common European approach is pursued, member states shall regardless retain the right to introduce additional arrangements, procedures and measures for their national systems in the fields covered by this Regulation.

Non-legislative Act: On the 1st of July 2020 the EU Commission published a Communication on European Skills Agenda for sustainable competitiveness, social fairness, and resilience (Press release) .

Problem: Demographic changes in addition to green and digital transitions are transforming the work environment by creating new job opportunities as well as dissolving older ones. Thus, the European Union is required to draw on all of its talents and diversity introducing an unparalleled shift in skill sets along with amending the complications attributed to the accelerated digital transition that became apparent during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Objective: The Commission preeminently aspires to face the challenges posed by demographic changes and to push forward the twin transition building a more sustainable, resilient, and fairer Europe for the next generation. It further aims to pursue its leadership towards global recovery from the pandemic through a paradigm-shift on skills. Some of the key objectives are the reinforcement of sustainable competitiveness advocating for lifelong learning in order to work more effectively and take advantage of advanced technologies as well as the guarantee of social fairness. For workers in retail, transport, social or sanitation services, teachers, and trainers, resilience is essential specifically in the light of the constant strain due to the pandemic. Granting all Europeans access to attractive, innovative and inclusive learning programmes in addition to skilling them for suitable jobs are the guiding principles of the Communication.

Subject Matter: Establishing a pact for skills that brings together all stakeholders, private and public, should enforce the up- and reskilling of Europe’s workforce enabling people to participate in the twin transitions. The foundation for up- and reskilling lies on the modernisation of the information available on skills needs. Further, vocational education and training are to be optimised with the view to equipping young people and adults with the skills to thrive in the labour market and supporting the green and digital transitions, including transversal skills, ensuring inclusiveness and equal opportunities, and establishing European VET as a global reference point for skills development. Through individual learning accounts existing gaps in the access to training for working age adults shall be closed. Additionally, once individuals have a certificate proving their skills, they need to be able to communicate them when applying for a job or further learning. Therefore, a Union-wide platform will be established as a way to support people manage their careers in a fast-changing labour market. Meeting the budgetary requirements, demands a considerable mobilisation of private and public investment in skills resulting in an estimated additional investment of EUR 48 billion annually.

Non-legislative Act: On the 30th of September 2020 the European Commission published a Communication on achieving the European Education Area by 2025 (Press release) .

Problem: Setting the foundation for personal fulfilment, employability, and active and responsible citizenship, qualitative and inclusive education, training and lifelong learning play an essential role in the recovery package that counters the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. The EU Commission deems it necessary to prevent the health crisis from becoming a structural barrier to learning and skills development impacting on young people’s employment prospects, earnings, as well as equality and inclusion for the whole of the society.

Objective: Six pillars make up the dimensions of the European Education Area. A quality education shall provide young people with the knowledge, skills and attitudes to thrive in life and to cope with potential challenges. Inclusion and gender equality shall help reduce inequalities linked to socio-economic status. Considering that students from rural areas as well as those with a migrant background are negatively influenced in their educational opportunities, the Communication highlights the need to decouple educational attainment and achievement from social, economic and cultural status, to ensure that education and training systems boost the abilities of every individual and enable upward social mobility. In the light of current demographic and technological changes, facilitating the attainment of digital skills is crucial for job search in all sectors. To ensure a highly competent, enthusiastic and committed professional workforce, it is essential to overcome teacher shortages. Further, closer and deeper cooperation between higher education institutions is recommended with the idea to enable learners to move more easily between education systems in different countries thereby developing a pan-European talent pool, including in cutting-edge scientific disciplines and technologies such as artificial intelligence, cybersecurity and high-performance computing. Lastly, promoting EU’s soft power, particularly through spreading its messages and fundamental values, shall be warranted by Union’s exchange programmes.

Subject Matter: The Commission will support member states in the identification of effective policy reforms that support better achievement in basic skills, specifically those concerning curriculum and assessment, as well as the capacity of institutions and staff to be innovative and develop their learning approaches. The Commission will further support the cooperation between European stakeholder organisations, teachers associations and teacher education providers to work together and provide input to policy recommendations on innovative and multi-disciplinary teaching and learning approaches. Additionally, education stakeholders and member states representatives shall stimulate peer learning and the development of a European perspective in education while also building on democratic education environments free from bullying, harmful speech and disinformation. The Commission will support member states in the implementation of the European quality framework for high quality early childhood education and care systems, as well as propose dedicated working streams in the European Education Area enabling framework to develop policy guidance on gender equality in education and training. By 2021 the Commission will establish a European Innovative Teaching Award to recognise the work of teachers (and their schools) who make an exceptional contribution to the profession, in addition to launching the Erasmus Teacher Academies within the new Erasmus Programme in 2021 to create networks of teacher education institutions and teacher associations. Finally, the Council is invited to organise regular joint discussions between the Education, Youth, Culture and Sport Council and other Council configurations to help take a whole of government approach to education and training, and to strengthen the contribution of education and training to the EU political priorities, while support work on education within the European Semester.

Non-legislative Act: On the 23rd of September 2020 the European Commission proposed a new Pact on Migration and Asylum with the preeminent objective to establish improved and faster procedures throughout the asylum and migration system. In order to restore the trust between member states and respectively strengthen the balance between responsibility and solidarity when dealing with migration at EU-level, the Commission highlights the need for a predictable and reliable migration management system (Press release).

To achieve the following, five regulation proposals have been issues: A new Proposal for a Screening Regulation, a Proposal to revise the Asylum Procedures Regulation, an amended Proposal for the Revision of the ‘Eurodac’ Regulation, a new Proposal for a Regulation on Asylum and Migration Management and a new Proposal to deal with crisis situations and cases of force majeure.

Legislative procedure completed: On the 20th of December 2023, the Proposal for a Regulation introducing a screening of third country nationals at the external borders and amending Regulations (EC) No 767/2008, (EU) 2017/2226, (EU) 2018/1240 and (EU) 2019/817 was adopted (press release). The revised screening regulations will be applicable to individuals who do not meet the criteria for entry into an EU member state, those caught entering the EU irregularly away from official border checkpoints, or disembarking after a search and rescue operation, as well as those seeking international protection at a border crossing. Each EU country can conduct screenings at suitable locations of their choice, ideally situated at or near external borders, and possibly in other areas within the country. Only third-country nationals found within the EU and who have entered a member state's territory without authorization through an external border will be subject to screening. Screenings, which can take up to seven days, involve identity confirmation or verification, collecting Eurodac biometric data, and initial assessments of health and vulnerability. Moreover, security verifications will be conducted by accessing various relevant databases, including the Schengen Information System, the Entry/Exit System, ETIAS, and the ECRIS-TCN system. During the screening, third-country nationals must be accessible for these checks and may be detained to ensure compliance. They are entitled to emergency medical care and necessary treatments if they are sick. Protecting the welfare of children, especially unaccompanied minors, is of utmost importance in the screening process. An appointed representative will assist unaccompanied minors, and even without representation, they retain the right to seek international protection. MEPs have established a robust, independent mechanism in each member state to safeguard the fundamental rights of individuals undergoing screening.

Proposal: On the 23rd of September 2020 the EU Commission published a Proposal for a Regulation introducing a screening of third country nationals at the external borders and amending Regulations (EC) No 767/2008, (EU) 2017/2226, (EU) 2018/1240 and (EU) 2019/817 (Press release) .

Problem: The migration of third-country nationals with international protection needs has been recently overpowered by migration flows of mixed arrivals of persons challenging migration management at the EU level. When identifying those in need of international protection or deciding on effective returns, a common framework bringing together policies in the areas of asylum, migration, return, external border protection, fight against migrants’ smuggling and relations with key third countries reflecting a whole of government approach is needed.

Objective: The key objective of the proposal is to improve the identification process at the external borders of the EU so that the identity as well as any health and security risks of new arrivals are swiftly established. In this manner all third-country nationals who are present at the external border without fulfilling entry conditions or after disembarkation following a search and rescue operation will be referred towards the appropriate procedure. The uniformity of rules and policies is required to increase the security withing the Schengen area, and further clarify entry requirements for future arrivals. The proposed screening not only establishes transparency in the process of regular migration, it also creates an EU framework for the screening of third-country nationals who entered the territory of the member states without authorisation and who are apprehended within their territories. With an independent monitoring mechanism by the member states in relation to the screening, the fundamental rights of the persons concerned should be protected. Frontex as well as the European Union Agency for Asylum shall accompany and support the competent authorities in all their tasks related to the screening.

Subject Matter: The screening is to be applied at the external borders of the member states to all third-country nationals who have crossed the external border in an unauthorised manner, to those who have applied for international protection during border checks without fulfilling entry conditions, as well as those disembarked after a search and rescue operation, before they are referred to the appropriate procedure. Identifying all third-country nationals by verifying their identity against relevant databases shall ensure that the arrivals do not pose a threat to internal security. Health checks entailed by the screening will help recognise persons vulnerable and in the need of health care as well the ones posing a threat to public health. The screening shall also be carried out within the territory of the member states where there is no indication that third-country nationals have been subject to controls at external borders.

Non-legislative Act: On the 24th of July 2020 the European Commission published a Communication on the EU Security Union Strategy (Press release) .

Problem: The COVID-19 crisis highlighted the need to guarantee security both in physical and digital environments as well as the importance of open strategic autonomy for EU’s supply chains in terms of critical products, services, infrastructures, and technologies. It has reinforced the need to engage every sector and every individual in a common effort to ensure that the EU is more prepared and resilient, particularly considering that the security of one member state is the security of all. With a constantly changing world, threats such as climate change, demographic trends, and political instability within and beyond the borders of the EU demand for a security union that acts as a management system, working within and outside its borders to contribute to global stability.

Objective: The Security Union shall contribute to building capabilities and capacities for early detection, prevention, and rapid response to crises through an integrated and coordinated approach, both globally and through sector-specific initiatives. Careful threat and risk assessment should be applied to target EU’s efforts to define and apply the right rules as well as develop reliable strategic intelligence as a basis for EU security policies. With a more intense cooperation between member states, involving law enforcement, judicial and other public authorities, in addition to partnerships within EU institutions and agencies, the understanding and exchange for common solutions shall be enhanced. Cooperation with the private sector is also key, particularly given that the industry owns an important part of the digital and non-digital infrastructure central to fighting crime and terrorism effectively.

Subject Matter: Key actions include the revision of the Network Information Systems Directive as well as an initiative on the operational resilience of the financial sector. A European Cybersecurity Strategy shall be accompanied by the creation of a Joint Cyber Unit that develops common rules on information security and cybersecurity for EU institutions, bodies, and Agencies. It is further necessary to ensure the implementation of the cybercrime legislation and additionally establish a Strategy for a more effective fight against child sexual abuse by initiating proposals on the detection and removal of child sexual abuse material. The Union is in need of a Counter-Terrorism Agenda that optimizes anti-radicalisation actions within the EU. Enhanced cooperation with key third countries and international organisations against terrorism should be on the agenda in order to tackle organized crime such as trafficking in human beings. EU Agenda on Drugs and Action Plan 2021-2025 shall, in addition to an assessment of the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, be accompanied by a 2020-2025 EU Action Plan on Firearms trafficking. Lastly, strengthening Europol’s mandate shall be complemented by the increased cooperation between the EU and Interpol that will allow an EU-wide framework to negotiate with key third countries on sharing of information.

Legislative procedure completed: On the 8th of June 2022, the European Parliament and the Council reached an agreement on strengthening the Europol Mandate (press release). The Decision prioritizes the protection of personal data as well as any other sensitive information in all legal processes.

Proposal: On the 9th of December 2020 the European Commission published a Proposal for a Regulation on amending Regulation (EU) 2016/794, as regards Europol’s cooperation with private parties, the processing of personal data by Europol in support of criminal investigations, and Europol’s role on research and innovation.

Problem: Evolving and increasingly complex security threats exploit the advantages that the digital transformation, new technologies, globalisation and mobility bring about, including the interconnectivity and blurring of the boundaries between the physical and digital world. Europol’s expertise, while it has previously supported member states in their fight against threats spread across borders that cut across a variety of crimes, the change of the threat environment calls for a different kind of approach that affectively addresses current challenges faced by EU’s member states.

Objective: This proposal primarily aims to strengthen the mandate of Europol within the mission and tasks of the agency, while specific objectives include enabling Europol to cooperate effectively with private parties, addressing lack of effective cooperation between private parties and law enforcement authorities to counter the use of cross-border services, such as communication, banking, or transport services, by criminals. Effectively supporting member states and their investigations with the analysis of large and complex datasets will address the big data challenge for law enforcement authorities. Research and innovation within member states shall be improved through their cooperation with Europol, while strengthening Europol’s cooperation with third countries in specific situations and on a case-by-case basis will help preventing and countering crimes falling within the scope of Europol’s objectives. Strengthening Europol’s cooperation with the European Public Prosecutor’s Office (EPPO) in addition to strengthening the data protection framework applicable to Europol as well as the parliamentary oversight and accountability of Europol shall be implemented.

Subject Matter: Europol must send each year to the Commission, the European Parliament and the Council a Single Programming Document containing multi-annual and annual work programmes and resources programming. Within the document objectives, expected results and performance indicators will be presented in order to monitor the achievement of the objectives and their results. Europol must also submit a Consolidated Annual Activity Report to the management board, the Commission, the European Parliament as well as the Council. To regularly monitor the provision of information by the member states, Europol will also report annually to the Commission, European Parliament, the Council and national parliaments on the information provided by each member state as concerns the information Europol needs to fulfil its objectives, including information relating to forms of crime in the prevention or combating of which is considered a priority by the Union.

Non-legislative Act: On the 3rd of February 2021 the European Commission published a Communication on Europe's Beating Cancer Plan (Press release) .

Problem: While the EU has previously introduced action on tobacco control and protection from hazardous substances that have positively impacted the fight against cancer, there has not been a European action plan that explicitly targets the leading cause of death in the EU. Considering that research and innovation, such as mRNA technologies, alongside digital technologies, have dramatically advanced the understanding for cancer initiation and progression, prevention and diagnosis, there is a need of an optimised as well as a Union-wide strategy that mobilises the collective power of the EU to drive change to the benefit of its citizens. Therefore, the Cancer Plan contains concrete, ambitious actions that will support, coordinate, and complement member states’ efforts to reduce the suffering caused by cancer.

Objective: Prevention, early detection, diagnosis, and treatment as well as the quality of life of cancer patients and survivors build the four pillars of EU’s Beating Cancer Plan. In the Communication, the Commission highlights the need to focus on research and innovation, tap into the potential that digitalisation and new technologies offer, and mobilise financial instruments to support individual member states. Through a Union-wide cooperation, essential expertise and resources will be shared, supporting countries, regions and cities with less knowledge and capacity. It will further help researchers to exchange findings between small and large member states, enabling access to crucial health data on the potential causes of cancer and promising treatments for it. Medical staff and hospitals will be able to tap into a wealth of shared information. Ultimately, it will ensure that all patients across the EU can benefit from better care and treatment.

Subject Matter: Within the Joint Research Center a new Knowledge Centre on Cancer is to be launched in 2021, helping in the coordination of scientific and technical cancer-related initiatives at EU level as well as diffusing best practice implementation and issuing guidelines to support new actions under the Cancer Plan. With a European Cancer Imaging Initiative, the sharing of anonymised images will be made accessible to a wide range of stakeholders across the ecosystem of hospitals, researchers and innovators. Europe’s Beating Cancer Plan will financially support member states’ efforts to extend routine vaccination against human papillomaviruses. Further, actions include the creation of a ‘Tobacco-Free Generation’ by reviewing the Tobacco Products and the Tobacco Taxation Directives and the legal framework on cross-border purchases of tobacco, as well as the revision of EU’s legislation on alcohol taxation and cross-border purchases of alcohol products. Reducing harmful alcohol consumption through support to capacity-building and best practice while also reducing young people’s exposure to online marketing and advertising of alcohol products shall be implemented. Optimising the EU Cancer Screening Scheme and the European Cancer Information System to enable, monitor and assess cancer screening is programmed starting in 2021. To ensure that children have access to rapid and optimal detection, diagnosis, treatment and care, the ‘Helping Children with Cancer Initiative’ shall be launched in addition to a Cancer Inequalities Registry to map trends in key cancer data identifying inequalities between member states and regions.